Madrid, España
The objective of this study is to develop and validate a scale of subjective resilience for students 12�17 years old. Items covered adverse situations due to parents�, peers� and teachers� actions. The validation process included the analysis on the generalizability of the factor structure and of relationships of resilience scores with different kinds of protective and vulnerability factors -goal orientations and learning-oriented classroom motivational climate (CMC)-. A total of 471 students answered four questionnaires. Confirmatory factor analyses, reliability analysis and correlation and regression analyses were carried out. Results showed: (a) that factor structure was well defined; (b) that resilience scale had good reliability; (c) that scores correlated as expected with protective-vulnerability factors such as goal orientations and CMC defined by teachers� teaching-patterns, and (d) that students� attribution of perceived change in resilience to teachers� work depended on the degree in which CMC was learning oriented. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.