Desarrollo del sistema nervioso humano. Perspectiva general del estadio prenatal hasta 2013

• Autores: Paloma Rohlfs Domínguez
• Localización: Revista Internacional de Psicología, ISSN 1818-1023, Vol. 15, Nº. 1, 2016
• Idioma: español
• DOI: 10.33670/18181023.v15i01.172
• Títulos paralelos:
  • Development of the nervous system in humans. Overview of the prenatal stage until 2013
• Enlaces
  • Texto completo (pdf)
• Dialnet Métricas: 4 Citas
• Resumen
  • español

    El estudio del origen y desarrollo del sistema nervioso humano es imprescindible para combatir los trastornos del desarrollo y las enfermedades neurodegenerativas. Por esta razón, la presente monografía tiene como objetivo revisar el estado actual de esta cuestión, centrándose específicamente en la fase prenatal de tal desarrollo. De acuerdo con este objetivo, se llevó a cabo una búsqueda electrónica entre 2003 y 2013 de literatura científica publicada en las bases de datos Academic Search Complete, Medline y Science Direct, incluyendo las siguientes palabras clave: desarrollo ontogenético, sistema nervioso humano y fase prenatal. A la luz de esta revisión, se concluye que en el origen y desarrollo prenatal del sistema nervioso humano están implicados toda una serie de eventos ontogenéticos perfectamente orquestados, que tienen lugar desde la fecundación del óvulo hasta el nacimiento del individuo. Estos eventos se pueden presentar de manera sucesiva, o bien de manera superpuesta. Se trata específicamente de los siguientes eventos: transformación del zigoto; neurulación primaria; neurogénesis; migración neuronal; agrupamiento neuronal; sinaptogénesis, mielinización y poda axónica. Además, se concluye que existen al menos dos cuestiones que ya no suscitan debate científico. El primero es sobre el hecho de que el origen y desarrollo prenatal del sistema nervioso humano muestra un patrón estereotipado. El segundo se refiere a que la acción combinada de la influencia externa (medio ambiente) e interna (genética) determina dicho patrón de desarrollo. Finalmente, se recomienda invertir un mayor esfuerzo investigador en el futuro en dilucidar varias cuestiones relativas a la migración neuronal y a la reorganización sináptica posterior a la poda axónica.

  • English

    The study the origin and development of the nervous system in humans has gained increasing attention since its understanding is useful in the treatment of developmental disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. We aimed to review its current status, focusing on the prenatal stage. We searched papers from 2003 to 2013 in academic data-bases such as Academic Search Complete, Medline, and Science Direct, including the following keywords: ontogenetic development, human nervous system and prenatal stage. We conclude that a series of perfectly orchestrated ontogenetic events, which take place from fecundation of the ovum to the birth of the individual, are involved in the origin and prenatal development of the human nervous system. These events may occur either successively or in an overlapping manner. These events are the following: transformation of the zygote; primary neurulation; neurogenesis; neuronal migration; neuronal clustering; synaptogenesis; myelination and synaptic pruning. Moreover, we conclude that there are at least two issues that no longer spark scientific debate. The first one refers to the fact that the origin and prenatal development of the human nervous system shows a stereotyped pattern. The second one is about that the combined action of external (environment) and internal (genetics) influences determine the pattern of development. We recommend to focus on neuronal migration and synaptic reorganization after axonal pruning.

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