The effects of metacognitive intervention and metacognitive intervention through dialogic interaction on L2 learners’ listening comprehension and cognitive load

• Bozorgian, Hossein ^[1] ; Muhammadpour, Meysam ^[2] ; Alehchali, Ali Babajanzade ^[1]
  1. [1] University of Mazandaran

     University of Mazandaran

     Irán

     
  2. [2] University of Guilan

     University of Guilan

     Irán

     
• Localización: Language awareness, ISSN 0965-8416, Vol. 35, Nº. 1, 2026, págs. 271-297
• Idioma: inglés
• DOI: 10.1080/09658416.2025.2489937
• Texto completo no disponible (Saber más ...)
• Resumen

  • This quasi-experimental study investigated the comparative effects of metacognitive intervention (MI) and metacognitive intervention through dialogic interaction (MIDI) on L2 learners’ listening comprehension and cognitive load. Quantitative approaches were applied to evaluate the data from 59 advanced-level Iranian EFL learners. The MI (n = 19) and MIDI (n = 20) groups received weekly instructions (i.e. metacognitive intervention and metacognitive intervention through dialogic interaction, respectively) for eight consecutive weeks. The control group (n = 20) followed a conventional listening instruction (i.e. pre-, while, and post-listening) with the same listening samples and without receiving the MI in each session. The study used four different instruments, namely Oxford placement tests; IELTS listening tests; backward visual digit span tests; and an adapted cognitive load questionnaire to investigate the EFL learners’ level of cognitive load throughout the process. Results of ANOVA run on the experimental group learners’ listening performance revealed a statistically significant difference in terms of listening comprehension and cognitive load, compared with their control group counterparts. Interestingly, no significant differences in terms of the cognitive load were found between the experimental groups. Implications and directions for future research are also provided for the reader.

• Referencias bibliográficas
  • Adams, R. (2007). Do second language learners benefit from interacting with each other?. In A. Mackey (Ed.), Conversational interaction in...
  • Allan, D. (2004). Oxford placement test 2. Oxford University Press.
  • Andringa, S., Olsthoorn, N., Van Beuningen, C., Schoonen, R., & Hulstijn, J. (2012). Determinants of success in native and non-native...
  • Ary, D., Jacobs, L. C., Sorensen Irvine, C. K., & Walker, D. (2019). Introduction to research in education (10th ed.). Cengage Learning.
  • Ayres, P. (2006). Using subjective measures to detect variations of intrinsic cognitive load within problems. Learning and Instruction, 16(5),...
  • Ayres, P., Lee, J. Y., Paas, F., & van Merriënboer, J. J. G. (2021). The validity of physiological measures to identify differences in...
  • Baddeley, A. D. (2017). Modularity, working memory and language acquisition. Second Language Research, 33(3), 299–311. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267658317709852
  • Baxter, J. A., & Williams, S. (2010). Social and analytic scaffolding in middle school mathematics: Managing the dilemma of telling. Journal...
  • Bozorgian, H., & Fakhri Alamdari, E. (2018). Multimedia listening comprehension: Metacognitive instruction or metacognitive instruction...
  • Bozorgian, H., & Muhammadpour, M. (2020). Metacognitive intervention: High WMC learners’ listening performance and metacognitive awareness....
  • Bozorgian, H., Muhammadpour, M., & Mahmoudi, E. (2022a). Embedding L2 listening homework in metacognitive intervention: Listening comprehension...
  • Bozorgian, H., Sabokpa, M., & Muhammadpour, M. (2022b). Dialogic interaction and dynamic systems theory in listening comprehension: A...
  • Bozorgian, H., Yaqubi, B., & Muhammadpour, M. (2022c). Metacognitive intervention and awareness: Listeners with low working memory capacity....
  • Brunfaut, T., & Révész, A. (2015). The role of task and listener characteristics in second language listening. TESOL Quarterly, 49(1),...
  • Brunken, R., Plass, J. L., & Leutner, D. (2003). Direct measurement of cognitive load in multimedia learning. Educational Psychologist,...
  • Cai, Y., Xing, K., Wang, C., & Jiang, Y. (2024). Uncovering the nonlinear relationship between metacognitive strategy use and L2 achievement...
  • Chang, C. C., Warden, C. A., Liang, C., & Chou, P. N. (2018). Performance, cognitive load, and behavior of technology‐assisted English...
  • Chen, S. (2017). The construct of cognitive load in interpreting and its measurement. Perspectives, 25(4), 640–657. https://doi.org/10.1080/0907676X.2016.1278026
  • Chen, I., & Chang, C. C. (2009). Cognitive load theory: An empirical study of anxiety and task performance in language learning. https://doi.org/10.25115/ejrep.v7i18.1369
  • Chick, M. (2014). The potential of dialogic interaction as a tool for mediating learning during pre-service English language teacher preparation....
  • Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2007). Research methods in education (6th ed.). Routledge.
  • Cooper, G. E., & Harper, R. P. (1969). The use of pilot rating in the evaluation of aircraft handling qualities. National Aeronautics...
  • Cross, J. (2010). Raising L2 listeners’ metacognitive awareness: A sociocultural theory perspective. Language Awareness, 19(4), 281–297. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658416.2010.519033
  • Cross, J. (2015). Metacognition in L2 listening: Clarifying instructional theory and practice. TESOL Quarterly, 49(4), 883–892. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.258
  • Dao, P. (2020). Effect of interaction strategy instruction on learner engagement in peer interaction. System, 91(1), 102244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2020.102244
  • De Jong, T. (2010). Cognitive load theory, educational research, and instructional design: Some food for thought. Instructional Science, 38(2),...
  • Ellerton, P. (2019). Teaching for thinking: Explaining pedagogical expertise in the development of the skills, values and virtues of inquiry...
  • Elsayed Abdelsalam Elghotmy, H. (2023). Integrating instructional scaffolding interaction cycle into dialogic teaching to enhance EFL listening...
  • Ericsson, K. A. (2014). Expertise. Current Biology, [Online] 24(11), R508–R510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2014.04.013
  • Evans, J. S. B. T. (2011). Dual-process theories of reasoning: Contemporary issues and developmental applications. Developmental Review [Online],...
  • Fakhri Alamdari, E., & Bozorgian, H. (2022). Gender, metacognitive intervention, and dialogic interaction: EFL multimedia listening. System,...
  • Fathi, J., Derakhshan, A., & Torabi, S. (2020). The effect of listening strategy instruction on second language listening anxiety and...
  • Flavell, J. H. (1976). Metacognitive aspects of problem solving. In The nature of intelligence (pp. 231–236). Routledge.
  • Flavell, J. H. (1979). Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: A new area of cognitive–developmental inquiry. American Psychologist, 34(10),...
  • Goh, C. (2008). Metacognitive instruction for second language listening development: Theory, practice and research implications. RELC Journal,...
  • Goh, C. C., & Aryadoust, V. (2016). Learner listening: New insights and directions from empirical studies. International Journal of Listening,...
  • Goh, C. C. M., & Hu, G. (2014). Exploring the relationship between metacognitive awareness and listening performance with questionnaire...
  • Goh, C., & Taib, Y. (2006). Metacognitive instruction in listening for young learners. ELT Journal, 60(3), 222–232. https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/ccl002
  • Goh, C. C., & Vandergrift, L. (2022). Teaching and learning second language listening: Metacognition in action (2nd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429287749
  • Goh, C. C. M. (2010). Listening as process: Learning activities for self-appraisal and self-regulation. https://hdl.handle.net/10497/19164
  • Goldman, A. I. (2018). Expertise. Topoi, [Online], 37, 3–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11245-016-9410-3.
  • Haapalainen, E., Kim, S., Forlizzi, J. F., & Dey, A. K. (2010, September). Psycho-physiological measures for assessing cognitive load....
  • Hart, S. G., & Staveland, L. E. (1988). Development of NASA-TLX (Task Load Index): Results of empirical and theoretical research. Advances...
  • Hashemian, M., & Farhang-Ju, M. (2022). Effects of metacognitive strategy teaching on intermediate L2 learners’ listening comprehension....
  • Hattie, J., & Yates, G. (2014). Visible learning and the science of how we learn. Book, Whole. Routledge. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000051409
  • Hilbert, S., Nakagawa, T. T., Puci, P., Zech, A., & Bühner, M. (2015). The digit span backwards task. European Journal of Psychological...
  • Hinkel, E. (Ed.). (2011). Handbook of research in second language teaching and learning (Vol. 2). Routledge.
  • Hu, Z., Barkley, C. M., Marino, S. E., Wang, C., Rajan, A., Bo, K., Samuel, I. B. H., & Ding, M. (2019). Working memory capacity is negatively...
  • Huang, A. (2020). The dialogical nature of language use in interactive listening: Revisiting meaning in context. Language Awareness, 29(1),...
  • IBM Corp. (2022). IBM SPSS statistics for windows, version 29.0 [computer software]. IBM Corp.
  • Jiang, D. (2024). Cognitive Load Theory and foreign language listening comprehension. Springer.
  • Krashen, S. (1981). Second language acquisition. Second Language Learning, 3(7), 19–39. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000051409
  • Leppink, J., & van den Heuvel, A. (2015). The evolution of cognitive load theory and its application to medical education. Perspectives...
  • Lin, H., & Chen, T. (2006). Decreasing cognitive load for novice EFL learners: Effects of question and descriptive advance organizers...
  • Liu, X. L., & Goh, C. (2006). Improving second language listening: Awareness and involvement. Language Teacher Research in Asia, 91–106....
  • MacDonald, M. C., & Christiansen, M. H. (2002). Reassessing working memory: A comment on Just & Carpenter (1992) and Waters &...
  • Mackiewicz, J., & Thompson, I. (2014). Instruction, cognitive scaffolding, and motivational scaffolding in writing center tutoring. Composition...
  • Mareschal, C. (2007). Student perceptions of a self-regulatory approach to second language listening comprehension development [Doctoral dissertation]....
  • Matthew, G. D. (2019). Measuring the cognitive load induced by subtitled audiovisual texts in an educational context [Doctoral dissertation]....
  • McGarrigle, R., Munro, K. J., Dawes, P., Stewart, A. J., Moore, D. R., Barry, J. G., & Amitay, S. (2014). Listening effort and fatigue:...
  • Merkt, M., & Bodemer, D. (2024). Learning with videos: Do task instructions and the availability of a pause button matter? Journal of...
  • Miller, G. A. (1994). The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information. Psychological Review,...
  • Mohamadpour, P., & Tabatabaei, O. (2022). Interplay of working memory capacity with implicit/explicit metacognitive strategy instruction:...
  • Muhammadpour, M., Zafarghandi, A. M., & Tahriri, A. (2024). The effect of metacognitive intervention on the listening performance and...
  • Müller, F. A., & Wulf, T. (2024). Differences in learning effectiveness across management learning environments: A cognitive load theory...
  • Namaziandost, E., Hafezian, M., & Shafiee, S. (2018). Exploring the association among working memory, anxiety and Iranian EFL learners’...
  • Nisbet, J., & Shucksmith, J. (1986). Learning strategies. Taylor & Frances/Routledge.
  • Olsthoorn, N. M., Andringa, S., & Hulstijn, J. H. (2014). Visual and auditory digit-span performance in native and non-native speakers....
  • Paas, F. (1992). Training strategies for attaining transfer of problem-solving skill in statistics: A cognitive-load approach. Journal of...
  • Paas, F., Tuovinen, J. E., Tabbers, H., & Van Gerven, P. W. (2003). Cognitive load measurement as a means to advance cognitive load theory....
  • Paas, F. G., & Van Merriënboer, J. J. (1994). Instructional control of cognitive load in the training of complex cognitive tasks. Educational...
  • Rahimi, M., & Sayyadi, M. (2019). The cognitive load of listening activities of a cognitive-based listening instruction. Indonesian Journal...
  • Rassaei, E. (2024). Immediate vs. delayed prompts, individual differences in working memory, and L2 development. Language Awareness, 33(3),...
  • Rayner, K., & Pollatsek, A. (2006). Eye-movement control in reading. In Handbook of psycholinguistics (pp. 613–657). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012369374-7/50017-1
  • Reid, G. B., & Nygren, T. E. (1988). The subjective workload assessment technique: A scaling procedure for measuring mental workload....
  • Roscoe, A. H. (1987). In-flight assessment of workload using pilot ratings and heart rate. The Practical Assessment of Pilot Workload, AGARDograph,...
  • Roscoe, A. H., & Ellis, G. A. (1990). A subjective rating scale for assessing pilot workload in flight: A decade of practical use. Royal...
  • Sakai, H. (2018). Working memory in listening. In The TESOL Encyclopedia of English Language Teaching (pp. 1–6). Wiley Online Library. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118784235.eelt0579
  • Sato, M. (2013). Beliefs about peer interaction and peer corrective feedback: Efficacy of classroom intervention. The Modern Language Journal,...
  • Sato, M. (2022). Metacognition. In The Routledge handbook of second language acquisition and individual differences (pp. 95–110). Routledge.
  • Sato, M., & Ballinger, S. (2012). Raising language awareness in peer interaction: A cross-context, cross-methodology examination. Language...
  • Sato, M., & Loewen, S. (2018). Metacognitive instruction enhances the effectiveness of corrective feedback: Variable effects of feedback...
  • Sato, M., & Lyster, R. (2012). Peer interaction and corrective feedback for accuracy and fluency development: Monitoring, practice, and...
  • Satori, M. (2021). Effects of working memory on L2 linguistic knowledge and L2 listening comprehension. Applied Psycholinguistics, 42(5),...
  • Sippel, L., & Jackson, C. N. (2015). Teacher vs. peer oral corrective feedback in the German language classroom. Foreign Language Annals,...
  • Sweller, J. (1988). Cognitive load during problem solving: Effects on learning. Cognitive Science, 12(2), 257–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/0364-0213(88)90023-7
  • Sweller, J. (1994). Cognitive load theory, learning difficulty, and instructional design. Learning and Instruction, 4(4), 295–312. https://doi.org/10.1016/0959-4752(94)90003-5
  • Sweller, J., Ayres, P., & Kalyuga, S. (2011). Cognitive load theory. Springer.
  • Sweller, J., van Merriënboer, J. J., & Paas, F. (2019). Cognitive architecture and instructional design: 20 years later. Educational Psychology...
  • Thees, M., Kapp, S., Altmeyer, K., Malone, S., Brünken, R., & Kuhn, J. (2021). Comparing two subjective rating scales assessing cognitive...
  • Tomlinson, J., & Aish, F. (2011). Listening for IELTS. HarperCollins Publishers.
  • Vandergrift, L. (2003). From prediction through reflection: Guiding students through the process of L2 listening. The Canadian Modern Language...
  • Vandergrift, L. (2004). 1. Listening to learn or learning to listen? Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 24, 3–25. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0267190504000017
  • Vandergrift, L., & Goh, C. (2009). Teaching and testing listening comprehension. In Michael H. Long, Catherine J. Doughty (Eds.), The...
  • Vandergrift, L., & Goh, C. (2012). Teaching and learning second language listening: Metacognition in action.
  • Vandergrift, L., Goh, C., Mareschal, C. J., & Tafaghodtari, M. H. (2006). The metacognitive awareness listening questionnaire: Development...
  • Vandergrift, L., & Tafaghodtari, M. H. (2010). Teaching L2 learners how to listen does make a difference: An empirical study. Language...
  • Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Harvard University Press.
  • Vygotsky, L. S. (1996). Consciousness as a problem for the psychology of behavior. In R. Rieber (Ed.), The collected works of L.S. Vygotsky:...
  • Wade, N. J. (2010). Pioneers of eye movement research. i-Perception, 1(2), 33–68. https://doi.org/10.1068/i0389
  • Wenden, A. (1987). Metacognition: An expanded view on the cognitive abilities of L2 learners. Language Learning, 37(4), 573–597. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-1770.1987.tb00585.x
  • Woods, D. L., Kishiyamaa, M. M., Lund, E. W., Herron, T. J., Edwards, B., Poliva, O., Hink, R. F., & Reed, B. (2011). Improving digit...
  • Yanagawa, K. (2024). The role of bottom-up strategy instruction and proficiency level in L2 listening test performance: An intervention study....
  • Yeung, A. S., Lee, C. F. K., Pena, I. M., & Ryde, J. (2000). toward a subjective mental workload measure.
  • Zhu, X., & Aryadoust, V. (2022). A synthetic review of cognitive load in distance interpreting: Toward an explanatory model. Frontiers...