Acceso usuarios
Estefanía Elena Caicedo, Alejandro Emilio Pagano, Federico Albrecht, Lucas Martínez, Ángel Vaquero
La competición deportiva presenta demandas potencialmente estresantes. Para afrontarlas, es necesario emplear estrategias de afrontamiento (EA) para reducir el estrés, superar las demandas y adaptarse al entorno. Se adaptó el Cuestionario de Aproximación al Afrontamiento en el Deporte (ACSQ, por sus siglas en inglés) a deportistas masculinos de Córdoba, Argentina. Se realizaron estudios de validez de contenido, entrevistas cognitivas y estudios de validez factorial y de consistencia interna. Participaron 318 deportistas (M = 19.48 años, DT = 4.42) de fútbol, básquet y rugby. Se modificaron levemente 17 reactivos por dificultades lingüísticas; el estudio de jueces arrojó adecuados índices de validez de contenido. Los índices de discriminación mostraron diferencias significativas en todos los ítems. El ítem 5 presentó correlaciones ítem/dimensión bajas, por lo que se eliminó de los análisis posteriores. Finalmente, al encontrarse una correlación alta entre Carga Emocional y Planificación Activa/Reestructuración Cognitiva y chequearse mediante Análisis Factorial Exploratorio la presencia de unidimensionalidad, se realizó un Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio de cinco factores que presentó índices de bondad de ajuste aceptables [χ2(424) = 814.417; CFI = 0.91; TLI = 0.90; RMSEA (0.048 - 0.059) = 0.054]. La consistencia interna a nivel general fue de ⍵ =.88, mientras que los factores presentaron valores ⍵ adecuados, entre .69 y .92. La versión final del instrumento presenta adecuada validez y fiabilidad para evaluar el uso de las EA en situaciones competitivas.
A futuro se espera que se amplíe la muestra a otras disciplinas deportivas, se incluyan deportistas mujeres y se analice en profundidad el comportamiento de la variable CE/PA-RC.
Athletes have the ability to face situations that affect their performance with cognitive, behavioral and emotional self-regulation strategies. In part, this is because during sports competition they are faced with potentially stressful physical, technical, tactical, and psychological demands. To deal with these situations, achieve sports goals and achieve psychological well-being, it is necessary to use Coping Strategies (CS) appropriately to reduce stress, overcome competitive demands and adapt to the environment. The Approach to Coping in Sport Questionnaire (ACSQ) is a useful tool to evaluate athletes CS. It is based on the transactional model of Lazarus y Folkman (1984), and evaluate cognitive, affective and behavioral CS that athletes use to face psychological difficulties during sports competition. Kim et al. (2003b) adapted the ACSQ to Spanish athletes population who participated in individual and team contact and non-contact sports. The purpose of this study was to adapt to male athletes of contact sports from Córdoba, Argentina, the Spanish version of the ACSQ. An instrumental study was developed to adapt the Spanish version of the ACSQ to male athletes who practice Soccer, Basketball and Rugby in Córdoba, Argentina. Content validity, cognitive interviews, and factorial validity and internal consistency studies were carried out. 318 athletes (171 soccer players, 62 basketball players and 85 rugby players) participated. Mean age was 19.48 years (SD = 4.48). On average, athletes train 4.82 days a week (SD = 1.13) a minimum of three hours a day and a maximum of seven hours per day. The majority of the athletes compete at a National level. To evaluate content validity, semantic quality of the scale items was evaluated using Aiken's V coefficient; Fleiss's Kappa coefficient was used to assess their congruence with the proposed factors. In the cognitive interview process a qualitative analysis was conducted to analyze clarity and comprehension of the test.
Then, the items were analyzed using the method of comparison between extremes and the homogeneity index (r). To evaluate the factorial validity of the ACSQ, two Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) procedures were carried out to evaluate, firstly, the adjustment of the data to six factor model proposed by Kim et al. (2003b); secondly, the five-factor model evidenced in the Korean version in which the Emotional Calm (EC) and Active Planning-Cognitive Restructuring (AP-CR) dimensions are two sub-dimensions of the same factor. Finally, the reliability of the instrument was evaluated with the ordinal alpha index and ordinal omega coefficients. 17 items were slightly modified due to linguistic difficulties; the content validity study yielded adequate indexes. The discrimination indices showed significant differences in all the items. Item 5 presented low item/dimension correlations, so it was decided to eliminate it from the following analyses. Finally, upon detecting a high correlation between the EC and AP-CR factors and checking the presence of unidimensionality by means of an EFA, a Confirmatory Factor Analysis of five factors was carried out, which presented acceptable goodness-of-fit indices [χ2(424) = 814.417; CFI= 0.91; TLI= 0.90; RMSEA (0.048 - 0.059) = 0.054]. ACSQ internal consistency was ⍵ =.88, while each factors presented adequate values (⍵= .69 to .92). The final version of the instrument presents adequate validity and reliability to evaluate CS used by male contact athletes in competitive situations. ACSQ was made up of 31 items subdivided into five factors.
This version improves quality of the items, their congruence with underlying factors, homogeneity and representativeness of strategies analyzed. Future studies are expected to expand the sample to new sports disciplines, contemplate working with female athletes and analyze in depth the behavior of the AP-CR/EC variable.
