Propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Desconexión Moral Colectiva en el Aula en adolescentes peruanos

• Autores: Oscar Carlos Puma Maque, Michael White, María del Carmen Cárdenas Zúñiga
• Localización: Suma Psicológica, ISSN-e 0121-4381, Vol. 31, Nº. 1, 2024, págs. 45-53
• Idioma: español
• DOI: 10.14349/sumapsi.2024.v31.n1.6
• Títulos paralelos:
  • Psychometric properties of the Classroom Collective Moral Disengagement Scale among peruvian adolescents
• Enlaces
  • Texto completo
• Resumen
  • español

    Introducción: la desconexión moral colectiva (DMC) emplea mecanismos que distorsionan la percepción moral y justifican comportamientos cuestionables en un grupo, y permiten que estos se desvinculen éticamente de acciones perjudiciales. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Desconexión Moral Colectiva en el Aula en adolescentes peruanos.

    Método: se analizaron 646 adolescentes peruanos de siete instituciones educativas secundarias (edad promedio 13.73 años). La escala se tradujo al español y se evaluó mediante el análisis factorial confirmatorio y teoría de respuesta al ítem.

    Resultados: se encontró que el instrumento sigue un modelo unidimensional con 17 ítems, presentando adecuados índices de ajuste y confiabilidad (α = .97; ω = .97). La invarianza por sexo y edad se confirmó, demostrando equivalencia en ambos grupos. Los resultados de la Teoría Respuesta Ítem (TRI) respaldaron la fiabilidad y validez de la escala.

    Conclusiones: se ha demostrado que la escala posee niveles destacados de calidad psicométrica, lo que la hace idónea para su aplicación en la evaluación de estrategias que podrían representar un riesgo para el ambiente escolar de esta población.

  • English

    Introduction: Collective Moral Disengagement (CMD) employs mechanisms that distort moral perception and justify questionable behaviors within a group, allowing members to ethically disengage from harmful actions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Classroom Collective Moral Disengagement Scale (CCMDS) in Peruvian adolescents.

    Method: A sample of 646 Peruvian adolescents from seven secondary educational institutions (average age 13.73 years) was analyzed. The scale was translated into Spanish and assessed using Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Item Response Theory.

    Results: The instrument was found to follow a unidimensional model with 17 items, showing adequate fit indices and reliability (α = .97; ω = .97). Invariance by sex and age was confirmed, demonstrating equivalence across both groups. The IRT results supported the scale’s reliability and validity.

    Conclusions: The scale has been shown to have high levels of psychometric quality, making it suitable for evaluating strategies that may pose a risk to the school environment for this population.

• Referencias bibliográficas
  • Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological...
  • Arslan, G., Allen, K.-A., & Tanhan, A. (2021). School bullying, mental health, and wellbeing in adolescents: Mediating impact of positive...
  • Ato, M., López-García, J. J., & Benavente, A. (2013). Un sistema de clasificación de los diseños de investigación en psicología. Anales...
  • Bandura, A. (1990). Selective activation and disengagement of moral control. Journal of Social Issues, 46(1), 27-46. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1990.tb00270.x
  • Bandura, A. (1999). Moral disengagement in the perpetration of inhumanities. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 3(3), 193-209. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0303_3
  • Bandura, A. (2002). Selective moral disengagement in the exercise of moral agency. Journal of Moral Education, 31(2), 101-119. https://doi.org/10.1080/0305724022014322
  • Bandura, A. (2016). Moral disengagement: How people do harm and live with themselves. Worth Publishers.
  • Bandura, A., Barbaranelli, C., Caprara, G. V., & Pastorelli, C. (1996). Mechanisms of moral disengagement in the exercise of moral agency....
  • Bjärehed, M. (2022). The association between moral disengagement and bullying in early adolescence (Dissertation Doctoral). Linköping University...
  • Bjärehed, M., Thornberg, R., Wänström, L., & Gini, G. (2021). Individual moral disengagement and bullying among swedish fifth graders:...
  • Brechwald, W. A., & Prinstein, M. J. (2011). Beyond homophily: A decade of advances in understanding peer influence processes. Journal...
  • Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. Guilford Publications.
  • Byrne, B. M. (2008). Testing for multigroup equivalence of a measuring instrument: A walk through the process. Psicothema, 20(4), 872-882.
  • Caravita, S. C. S., Sijtsema, J. J., Rambaran, J. A., & Gini, G. (2014). Peer influences on moral disengagement in late childhood and...
  • Carmona-Rojas, M., Ortega-Ruiz, R., Romera, E., & Bravo, A. (2023). Aggressive and defensive behaviour, normative, and social adjustment...
  • Chen, F. F. (2007). Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary...
  • Cheung, G. W., & Rensvold, R. B. (2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling:...
  • Colegio de Psicólogos del Perú. (2018). Código de ética y deontología. https://www.cpsp.pe/documentos/marco_legal/codigo_de_etica_y_deontologia.pdf
  • DeMars, C. (2010). Item response theory. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195377033.001.0001
  • Domínguez-Vergara, J., Santa-Cruz-Espinoza, H., Chávez-Ventura, G., & Ybañez-Carranza, J. (2023). The moral disconnection as a mediator...
  • Doval, E., Viladrich, C., & Angulo-Brunet, A. (2023). Coefficient Alpha: The Resistance of a Classic. Psicothema, 35(1), 5–20. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2022.321
  • Ettekal, I., & Ladd, G. W. (2020). Development of aggressive-victims from childhood through adolescence: Associations with emotion dysregulation,...
  • Gil, B., & Pascual-Ezama, D. (2012). La metodología Delphi como técnica de estudio de la validez de contenido. Anales de Psicología, 28(3),...
  • Gini, G., Pozzoli, T., & Bussey, K. (2014). Collective moral disengagement: Initial validation of a scale for adolescents. European Journal...
  • Gini, G., Pozzoli, T., & Bussey, K. (2015). The role of individual and collective moral disengagement in peer aggression and bystanding:...
  • Gini, G., Thornberg, R., Bussey, K., Angelini, F., & Pozzoli, T. (2022). Longitudinal links of individual and collective morality with...
  • Gini, G., Thornberg, R., & Pozzoli, T. (2020). Individual moral disengagement and bystander behavior in bullying: The role of moral distress...
  • Guadagnoli, E., & Velicer, W. (1991). A comparison of pattern matching indices. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 26(2), 323-343. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr2602_7
  • Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2019). Multivariate data analysis eight edition. Cengage.
  • Haladyna, T. M., & Rodriguez, M. C. (2013). Developing and validating test items. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203850381
  • Hambleton, R. K., van der Linden, W. J., & Wells, C. S. (2011). IRT models for the analysis of polytomously scored data. En Handbook of...
  • Hayes, A. F., & Coutts, J. J. (2020). Use omega rather than Cronbach’s alpha for estimating reliability. Communication Methods and Measures,...
  • Hoareau, N., Bagès, C., Allaire, M., & Guerrien, A. (2019). The role of psychopathic traits and moral disengagement in cyberbullying among...
  • Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives....
  • Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática (INEI). (2019). Encuesta Nacional sobre Relaciones Sociales ENARES 2019. https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/boletines/presentacion_enares_2019.pdf
  • Killer, B., Bussey, K., Hawes, D. J., & Hunt, C. (2019). A meta-analysis of the relationship between moral disengagement and bullying...
  • Kline, R. B. (2023). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford Publications.
  • Kokkinos, C. M., & Kipritsi, E. (2018). Bullying, moral disengagement and empathy: Exploring the links among early adolescents. Educational...
  • Kollerová, L., Soukup, P., & Gini, G. (2018). Classroom collective moral disengagement scale: Validation in Czech adolescents. European...
  • Lubbe, D., & Schuster, C. (2019). A graded response model framework for questionnaires with uniform response formats. Applied Psychological...
  • MacCallum, R. C., Widaman, K. F., Zhang, S., & Hong, S. (1999). Sample size in factor analysis. Psychological Methods, 4(1), 84-99. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.4.1.84
  • MacDonald, P., & Paunonen, S. V. (2002). A Monte Carlo comparison of item and person statistics based on item response theory versus classical...
  • McDonald, R. P. (1999). Test theory: A unified treatment. Lawrence Erlbaum. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410601087
  • Maydeu-Olivares, A. (2013). Goodness-of-fit assessment of item response theory models. Measurement: Interdisciplinary Research & Perspective,...
  • Ministerio de Educación del Perú (Minedu). (2022). Portal SíseVe. http://www.siseve.pe/Web/
  • Montero, I., & León, O. G. (2007). A guide for naming research studies in psychology. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology,...
  • Navas, M. P., Gómez-Fraguela, J. A., & Sobral, J. (2022). Sexismo y tríada oscura de la personalidad en adolescentes: el rol mediador...
  • Obermann, M. L. (2013). Temporal aspects of moral disengagement in school bullying: Crystallization or escalation? Journal of School Violence,...
  • Oriol, X., Miranda, R., & Amutio, A. (2023). Dispositional and situational moral emotions, bullying and prosocial behavior in adolescence....
  • Paciello, M., Fida, R., Tramontano, C., Lupinetti, C., & Caprara, G. V. (2008). Stability and change of moral disengagement and its impact...
  • Padilla, J. L., & Benítez, I. (2014). Validity evidence based on response processes. Psicothema, 26(1), 136–144. https://www.psicothema.com/pdf/4171.pdf
  • Papalia, D. E. (2009). Desarrollo humano. McGraw-Hill.
  • Raykov, T., & Marcoulides, G. A. (2010). Introduction to psychometric theory. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203841624
  • Romera, E., Ortega, R., Runions, K., & Falla, D. (2021). Moral Disengagement Strategies in Online and Offline Bullying. Psychosocial Intervention,...
  • Salmivalli, C. (2010). Bullying and the peer group: A review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 15(2), 112-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2009.08.007
  • Salmivalli, C., Lagerspetz, K., Björkqvist, K., Österman, K., & Kaukiainen, A. (1996). Bullying as a group process: Participant roles...
  • Song, Y., & Wang, L. (2021). The influence of school loose-tight culture on bullying of middle school students: The mediating role of...
  • Svetina, D., Rutkowski, L., & Rutkowski, D. (2020). Multiple-group invariance with categorical outcomes using updated guidelines: An illustration...
  • Thornberg, R. (2023). Longitudinal link between moral disengagement and bullying among children and adolescents: A systematic review. European...
  • Thornberg, R., Bjereld, Y., & Caravita, S. C. (2023). Moral disengagement and bullying: Sex and age trends among Swedish students. Cogent...
  • Thornberg, R., Pozzoli, T., & Gini, G. (2022). Defending or remaining passive as a bystander of school bullying in Sweden: The role of...
  • Thornberg, R., Wänström, L., Gini, G., Varjas, K., Meyers, J., Elmelid, R., Johansson, A., & Mellander, E. (2021). Collective moral disengagement...
  • Thornberg, R., Wänström, L., Pozzoli, T., & Hong, J. S. (2019). Moral disengagement and school bullying perpetration in middle childhood:...
  • Thornberg, R., Wänström, L., Hong, J. S., & Espelage, D. L. (2017). Classroom relationship qualities and social-cognitive correlates of...
  • Unesco (Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura). (2019). Behind the numbers: Ending school violence...
  • Viladrich, C., Angulo-Brunet, A., & Doval, E. (2017). A journey around alpha and omega to estimate internal consistency reliability. Anales...
  • Wang, X., Lei, L., Liu, D., & Hu, H. (2016). Moderating effects of moral reasoning and gender on the relation between moral disengagement...
  • White, J., Bandura, A., & Bero, L. A. (2009). Moral disengagement in the corporate world. Accountability in Research, 16(1), 41-74. https://doi.org/10.1080/08989620802689847
  • White, M. (2023). Sample size in quantitative instrument-based studies published in Scopus up to 2022: An artificial intelligence aided systematic...
  • Wu, H., & Estabrook, R. (2016). Identification of confirmatory factor analysis models of different levels of invariance for ordered categorical...
  • Yang, J., Li, S., Gao, L., & Wang, X. (2022). Longitudinal associations among peer pressure, moral disengagement and cyberbullying perpetration...
  • Zhao, L., & Yu, J. (2021). A meta-analytic review of moral disengagement and cyberbullying. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, Article 681299....