Modulación del reflejo de parpadeo mediante condicionamiento con imágenes aversivas como estímulos incondicionados

• Autores: José Luis Marcos Malmierca, Jaime Mauro Redondo Lago
• Localización: Psicothema, ISSN-e 1886-144X, ISSN 0214-9915, Vol. 16, Nº. 3, 2004, págs. 391-396
• Idioma: español
• Enlaces
  • Texto completo (pdf)
• Dialnet Métricas: 4 Citas
• Resumen
  • español

    El propósito de esta investigación consiste en demostrar la posibilidad de producir condicionamiento clásico, mediante la utilización de imágenes del «International Affective Picture System» (IAPS) como estímulos incondicionados (EIs). Para ello, un grupo de sujetos (grupo experimental) recibió 20 ensayos de asociación de una figura circular, que actuaba como estímulo condicionado (EC), y una diapositiva del IAPS de valencia afectiva muy desagradable y alto «arousal». Un grupo de control recibía el mismo número de presentaciones de ambos estímulos de modo descorrelacionado. La medida del condicionamiento se efectuaba indirectamente, a través de la modulación del reflejo de parpadeo acústico suscitado en presencia del EC. Los resultados muestran que la amplitud del parpadeo es mucho más elevada en el grupo experimental, lo que sugiere que se ha producido una transferencia de las propiedades afectivas y/o «arousal» desde el EI al EC, debido a un proceso de condicionamiento

  • English

    Blink startle modulation by conditioning with aversive pictures as unconditioned stimuli. The aim of this work is to demonstrate the possibility of producing classical conditioning, using pictures of the «International Affective Picture System» (IAPS) as unconditioned stimuli (US). For this, a group of subjects (experimental group) received 20 pairing trials of a circular shape, as conditioned stimulus (CS), and an IAPS picture with very unpleasant affective valence and high «arousal». A control group received the same number of presentations of both stimuli in an uncorrelated way. Measurement of the conditioning was achieved indirectly, by means of the modulation amplitude of the blink startle elicited in the presence of the CS. The results showed that the blink startle amplitude was much higher in the experimental group. This suggests a transfer of the affective properties and/or «arousal» from the US to the CS, due to a conditioning process.

• Referencias bibliográficas
  • Allen, N.B., Wong, S., Kim, Y. y Trinder, J. (1996). Startle reflex and heart rate responses during appetitive and aversive anticipation (Abstract)....
  • Ameli, R. y Grillon, C. (2001). Contextual fear-potentiated startle conditioning in humans: replication and extension. Psychophysiology, 38,...
  • Bradley, M.M., Cuthbert, B.N. y Lang, P.J. (1999). Affect and the startle reflex. En M.E. Dawson, A.M. Schell y A.H. Böhmelt (Eds.), Startle...
  • Cook III, E.W., Davis, T.L., Hawk, L.W., Spence, E.L. y Gautier, C.H. (1992). Fearfulness and startle potentiation during aversive visual...
  • Cuthbert, B.N., Bradley, M.M. y Lang, P.J. (1996). Probing picture perception: activation and emotion. Psychophysiology, 33, 103-111.
  • Erickson, L.M., Levenston, G.K., Curtin, J., Goff, A. y Patrick, C.J. (1995). Affect and attention in startle modulation: picture perception...
  • Graham, F.K. (1975). The more or less startling effects of weak pre-stimulation. Psychophysiology, 12, 238-248.
  • Graham, F.K. (1992). Attention: the heartbeat, the blink, and the brain. En B.A. Campbell, H. Hayne y R. Richardson (Eds.), Attention and...
  • Grillon, C. y Ameli, R. (2001). Conditioned inhibition of fear-potentiated startle and skin conductance in humans. Psychophysiology, 38, 807-815.
  • Hackley, S.A. (1999). Implications of blink reflex research for theories of attention and consciousness. En M.E. Dawson, A.M. Schell y A.H....
  • Hall, G. (1995). Pavlovian conditioning: laws of association. En N.J. Mackintosh (Ed.), Animal learning and cognition (pp. 11-44). New York,...
  • Hamm, A.O., Greenwald, M.K., Bradley, M.M. y Lang, P. (1993). Emotional learning, hedonic change, and the startle reflex. Journal of Abnormal...
  • Hamm, A.O. y Stark, R. (1993). Sensitization and aversive conditioning. Effects of the startle reflex and electrodermal responding. Integrative...
  • Hamm, A.O. y Vaitl, D. (1996). Affective learning: awareness and aversion. Psychophysiology, 33, 698-711.
  • Jennings, J.R. (1987). Editorial policy on analysis of variance with repeated measures. Psychophysiology, 24, 474-475.
  • Lang, P., Bradley, M.M. y Cuthbert, B.N. (1990). Emotion, attention, and the startle reflex. Psychology Review, 97, 377-395.
  • Lang, P.J., Bradley, M.M. y Cuthbert, B.N. (1995). International affective picture system (IAPS): technical manual and affective ratings....
  • Lykken, D.T. y Venables, P.H. (1971). Direct measurement of skin conductance: a proposal for standardization. Psychophysiology, 8, 656-672.
  • Lipp, O.V., Cox, D. y Siddle, D.A.T. (2001). Blink startle modulation during anticipation of pleasant and unpleasant stimuli. Journal of Psychophysiology,...
  • Lipp, O.V., Sheridan, J. y Siddle, D.A.T. (1994). Human blink startle during aversive and nonaversive pavlovian conditioning. Journal of Experimental...
  • Lipp, O.V. y Siddle, D.A.T. (1999). Startle modification during orienting and pavlovian conditioning. En M.E. Dawson, A.M. Schell y A.H. Böhmelt...
  • Lipp, O.V., Siddle, D.A.T. y Dall, P.J. (1998). Effects of stimulus modality and task condition on blink startle modification and on electrodermal...
  • Lipp, O.V. y Vaitl, D. (1990). Reaction time task as unconditional stimulus: comparing aversive and non-aversive unconditional stimuli. Pavlovian...
  • Marcos, J.L. y Redondo, J. (2002). Differential effects of expectancy and associative mechanisms on diminution of unconditioned response in...
  • Moltó, J., Montañés, S., Poy, R., Segarra, P., Pastor, M.C., Tormo, M.P., Ramírez, I., Hernández, M.A., Sánchez, M., Fernández, M.C. y Vila,...
  • Öhman, A., Hamm, A. y Hugdahl, K. (2000). Cognition and the autonomic nervous system: orienting, anticipation, and conditioning. En J.T. Cacioppo,...
  • Patrick, C.J., Bradley, M.M. y Lang, P. (1993). Emotion in the criminal psychopath: startle reflex modulation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology,...
  • Patrick, C.J. y Lavoro, S.A. (1997). Ratings of emotional response to pictorial stimuli: positive and negative affect dimensions. Motivation...
  • Putnam, L.E. (1990). Great expectations: anticipatory responses of the heart and brain. En R. Johnson, J.W. Rohrbaugh, R. Parasuraman y R....
  • Putnam, L.E. y Vanman, E.J. (1999). Long lead interval startle modification. En M.E. Dawson, A.M. Schell y A.H. Böhmelt (Eds.), Startle modification:...
  • Siddle, D.A.T., Lipp, O.V. y Dall, P.J. (1997). The effect of unconditional stimulus modality and intensity on blink startle and electrodermal...
  • Siddle, D., Stephenson, D. y Spinks, J.A. (1983). Elicitation and habituation of the orienting response. En D. Siddle (Ed.), Orienting and...
  • Sokolov, E.N. (1963). Perception and the conditioned reflex. Pergamon Press.Oxford.