Mental Health of People Under Isolation During the covid-19 Outbreak: An Exploratory Study

• Carlos Mauricio Castaño Díaz ^[1] ; Nathaly Berrío García ^[2] ; Mario Alejandro Alba Marrugo ^[3] ; Juan Pablo Sánchez Escudero ^[4] ; Andrés Marín Cortés ^[5] ; Worawach Tungjitcharoen ^[6]
  1. [1] University of Gothenburg

     University of Gothenburg

     Suecia

     
  2. [2] Corporación Universitaria Empresarial Alexander von Humboldt

     Corporación Universitaria Empresarial Alexander von Humboldt

     Colombia

     
  3. [3] Fundación Universitaria María Caño

     Fundación Universitaria María Caño

     Colombia

     
  4. [4] Universidad Católica de Oriente

     Universidad Católica de Oriente

     Colombia

     
  5. [5] St. Bonaventure University

     St. Bonaventure University

     Town of Allegany, Estados Unidos

     
  6. [6] Thammasat University

     Thammasat University

     Tailandia

     

  Mostrar afiliaciones +
• Localización: Revista Colombiana de Psicología, ISSN-e 0121-5469, Vol. 31, N. 2, 2022, págs. 27-43
• Idioma: inglés
• DOI: 10.15446/rcp.v31n2.89960
• Títulos paralelos:
  • La Salud Mental de Personas en Aislamiento Durante el Brote De covid-19: Estudio Exploratorio
• Enlaces
  • Texto completo (pdf)
• Dialnet Métricas: 1 Cita
• Resumen
  • español

    Realizamos un estudio exploratorio utilizando un cuestionario sobre siete temas acerca de cómo las personas reaccionaron a la pandemia del covid-19 de 2020 con el objetivo de trazar un mapa de los síntomas y sentimientos relacionados con la salud mental y el aislamiento. En la encuesta participaron 1785 personas. Además, aplicamos dos escalas psicológicas para analizar la depresión y el estrés (prevalente en estudios anteriores). Encontramos que las personas aisladas durante la pandemia presentaban síntomas relacionados con trastornos disociativos, afectos negativos y síndrome de ansiedad. Además, la depresión y el estrés tuvieron una alta prevalencia en comparación con las tasas promedio indicadas por la Organización Mundial de la Salud y el Ministerio de Salud de Colombia. Los resultados indicaron una asociación entre la depresión, el estrés y ser diagnosticado previamente con un problema de salud mental y la situación laboral y financiera. Nuestros resultados ponen de relieve la necesidad de diseñar programas de prevención e intervención para reducir las consecuencias negativas del aislamiento.

  • English

    We conducted an exploratory study using a survey inquiring on seven topics on how people were reacting to the covid-19 pandemic of 2020 aiming to trace a map of symptoms and feelings related to mental health and isolation. 1785 people participated in the survey. Additionally, we applied two psychological scales to analyze depression and stress (prevalent in previous studies). We found that people in isolation during the pandemic presented symptoms related to dissociative disorders, negative affect, and anxiety syndrome. Also, depression and stress had a high prevalence compared to the average rates indicated by the World Health Organisation and the Colombian Ministry of Health. The results indicated an association between depression and stress and being previously diagnosed with a mental health problem, and job and financial situation. Our results highlight the need to design prevention and intervention programmes to reduce the negative consequences of isolation.

• Referencias bibliográficas
  • Ahmed, M. Z., Ahmed, O., Aibao, Z., Hanbin, S., Siyu, L., & Ahmad, A. (2020). Epidemic of covid-19 in China and associated psychological...
  • Akhtar-Danesh, N., & Landeen, J. (2007). Relation between depression and sociodemographic factors. International Journal of Mental Health...
  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Association....
  • American Psychological Association. (2017). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. apa. https://www.apa.org/ethics/code/ethics-code-2017.pdf
  • Baum, A., Garofalo, J. P., & Yali, A. M. (1999). Socioeconomic status and chronic stress. Does stress account for ses effects on health?...
  • Brooks, S., Webster, R., Smith, L., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine...
  • Cénat, J., Mukunzi, J., Noorishad, P. G., Rousseau, C., Derivois, D., & Bukaka, J. (2020).A systematic review of mental health programs...
  • Cheung, Y., Chau, P., & Yip, P. (2008). A revisit on older adults’ suicides and severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) epidemic in Hong...
  • Cohen, S. (1994). Perceived stress scale. Mind Garden. http://www.mindgarden.com/documents/PerceivedStressScale.pdf
  • Cohen, S., & Janicki-Deverts, D. (2012). Who’s Stressed? Distributions of psychological stress in the United States in probability samples...
  • Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24, 386–396....
  • Coyne, S., Padilla-Walker, L., Fraser, A., Fellows, K., & Day, R. (2014). “Media time = family time”: Positive media use in families...
  • Deady, M., Choi, I., Calvo, R., Glozier, N., Christensen, H., & Harvey, S. (2017). eHealth interventions for the prevention of depression...
  • Dénes, A., & Gumel, A. (2019). Modeling the impact of quarantine during an outbreak of Ebola virus disease. Infectious Disease Modelling,...
  • Directorate-General for Research Science, Economy, and Society. (2010). European textbook on ethics in research. Publication office of the...
  • Duan, L., & Zhu, G. (2020). Psychological interventions for people affected by the covid-19 epidemic. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(4), 300–302....
  • Field, A., Miles, J., & Field, Z. (2012). Discovering statistics using R. Sage Publications, Inc.
  • Glassman, L., Mackintosh, M. A., Talkovsky, A., Wells, S., Walter, K., Wickramasinghe, I., & Morland, L. (2019). Quality of life following...
  • Handa, R., & Chung, W. (2019). Chapter 14: Gender and stress. In Stress: Physiology, biochemistry, and pathology, 165–176. George Fink...
  • Huang, Y., & Zhao, N. (2020). Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during covid-19 outbreak in China: A...
  • Huremović, D. (ed.). (2019). Psychiatry of pandemics: A mental health response to infection outbreak. Springer Nature. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15346-5
  • Hutchinson, S., Baldwin, C., & Oh, S. S. (2006). Adolescent coping: Exploring adolescents’ leisure-based responses to stress. Leisure...
  • Jeong, H., Yim, H., Song, Y. J., Ki, M., Min, J. A., Juhee, C., & Chae, J. H. (2016). Mental health status of people isolated due to Middle...
  • Kawohl, W., & Nordt, C. (2020). covid-19, unemployment, and suicide. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(5), 389–390. https://doi.org/doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30141-3...
  • Killgore, W., Cloonan, S., Taylor, E., & Dailey, N. (2020). Loneliness: A signature mental health concern in the era of covid-19. Psychiatry...
  • Kim, E., Gellis, Z., Bradway, C., & Kenaley, B. (2019). Depression care services and telehealth technology use for homebound elderly in...
  • Kroencke, L., Geukes, K., Utesch, T., Kuper, N., & Back, M. (2020). Neuroticism and emotional risk during the covid-19 pandemic. Journal...
  • Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. (2001). The phq-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of general...
  • Lee, S., Kang, W., Cho, A. R., Kim, T., & Park, J. (2018). Psychological impact of the 2015 mers outbreak on hospital workers and quarantined...
  • Leigh-Hunt, N., Bagguley, D., Bash, K., Turner, V., Turnbull, S., Valtorta, N., & Caan, W. (2017). An overview of systematic reviews on...
  • Liebertoh, A., Ćepulić, D. B., Rasmussen, J., Travaglino, G., Tuominen, J., & The covid-Stress International Collaboration. (2020). covidistress...
  • Mair, P. (2018). Modern psychometrics with R. Springer International Publishing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93177-7
  • Massoudi, B., Holvast, F., Bockting, C., Burger, H., & Blanker, M. (2019). The effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of e-health interventions...
  • McCall, T., Lii, C., McCall, R., & Khairat, S. (2019). The use of culturally-tailored telehealth interventions in managing anxiety and...
  • McCrae, R., & Costa, P. (1997). Personality trait structure as a human universal. American Psychologist, 52(5), 509–516. https://doi.org/doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.52.5.509...
  • McLean, C., Miller, M., Gengler, R., Henderson, J., & Sloan, D. (2020). The efficacy of written exposure therapy versus imaginal exposure...
  • Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social. (2015). Encuesta Nacional de Salud Mental 2015. Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social de la República...
  • Ministerio de Salud (1993). Resolución número 8430 de 1993. Ministerio de Salud de la República de Colombia.
  • Morland, L., Mackintosh, M. A., Glassman, L., Wells, S., Thorp, S., Rauch, S., Cunningham, P., Tuerk, P., Grubbs, K., Golshan, S., Sohn, M.,...
  • Offer, S. (2013). Family time activities and adolescents’ emotional well‐being. Journal of Marriage and Family, 75(1), 26–41. https://doi.org/doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2012.01025.x...
  • Oros, L. (2005). Locus de control: Evolución de su concepto y operacionalización. Revista de Psicología, 14(1), 89–98. https://doi.org/10.5354/0719-0581.2012.17338...
  • Ravinder, E. B., & Saraswathi, A. B. (2020). Literature review of Cronbach Alpha Coefficient (Α) and Mcdonald’s Omega Coefficient (Ω)....
  • Richardson, T., Elliot, P., Roberts, R., & Jansen, M. (2017). A longitudinal study of financial difficulties and mental health in a national...
  • Rocca, V., Hart, J., Kimbrell, T., & Freeman, T. (2006). Cognitive function and dissociative disorder status among veteran subjects with...
  • Salk, R., Hyde, J., & Abramson, L. (2017). Gender differences in depression in representative national samples: Meta-analyses of diagnoses...
  • Santini, Z., Jose, P., Cornwell, E., Koyanagi, A., Nielsen, L., Hinrichsen, C., Meilstrup, C., Madsen, K., & Koushede, V. (2020). Social...
  • Sonnenberg, C., Deeg, D., van Tilburg, T., Vink, D., Stek, M., & Beekman, A. (2012). Gender differences in the relation between depression...
  • Spitzer, R., Kroenke, K., & Williams, J. (1999). Validation and utility of a self-report version of prime-md: The phq primary care study....
  • Spitzer, R., Williams, J., & Kroenke, K. (n.d.). Instructions for Patient Health Questionnaire (phq) and gad-7 Measures. https://www.phqscreeners.com/images/sites/g/files/g10016261/f/201412/instructions.pdf
  • Stordal, E., Mykletun, A., & Dahl, A. (2003). The association between age and depression in the general population: A multivariate examination....
  • ten Kate, J., de Koster, W., & van der Waal, J. (2017). Why are depressive symptoms more prevalent among the less educated? The relevance...
  • Travaglino, G., Lieberoth, A., Tran, T., Ćepulić, D. B., Kowa, M., Coll-Martin, T., Reyna, C., Vestergren, S., & The covid-Stress International...
  • Tubbs, C., Roy, K., & Burton, L. (2005). Family ties: Constructing family time in low‐income families. Family Process, 4(1), 77–91. https://doi.org/doi.org/10.1111/j.1545-5300.2005.00043.x...
  • Ugoni, A., & Walker, B. F. (1995). The Chi square test: an introduction. comsig Review, 4(3), 61–64.
  • Verma, R., Balhara, Y., & Gupta, C. (2011). Gender differences in stress response: Role of developmental and biological determinants....
  • Viseu, J., Leal, R., de Jesus, S., Pinto, P., Pechorro, P., & Greenglass, E. (2018). Relationship between economic stress factors and...
  • Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C., & Ho, R. (2020). Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during...
  • World Health Organization. (2022, February 8). who Coronavirus (covid-19) Dashboard. who. https://covid19.who.int
  • World Health Organization. (2017). Depression and other common mental disorders. Global health estimates. World Health Organization. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/254610/who-msd-mer-2017.2-eng.pdf
  • Yoon, M. K., Kim, S. Y., Ko, H. S., & Lee, M. S. (2016). System effectiveness of detection, brief intervention and refer to treatment...
  • Zavaleta, D., Samuel, K., & Mills, C. (2017). Measures of social isolation. Social Indicators Research, 131(1), 397–391. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-016-1252-2...