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El entorno cambiante actual donde las exigencias y la competencia al interior de las organizaciones genera altos niveles de presión, propicia la aparición de enfermedades profesionales: estrés, síndrome de burnout, entre otras, en las que el factor emocional o psicológico juega un papel determinante. El presente artículo está orientado a determinar la incidencia de cinco factores del trabajo y su repercusión en la motivación, el estrés laboral y el bienestar de los colaboradores de salud en cuatro hospitales de alta complejidad y otros de menor nivel en Medellín y Bogotá. Conforme a este objetivo se aplicó el cuestionario Maslach Burnout Inventory-MBI cuyas 22 preguntas se relacionaron mediante la agrupación en cinco factores del trabajo conducentes a producir agotamiento. La muestra estuvo formada por 360 profesionales de salud que respondieron al cuestionario MBI, adaptado a conocer su percepción con respecto a las variables Incentivos, Satisfacción y Burnout, entre otras.
Fueron encuestados profesionales de la salud de diversas disciplinas (médicos, anestesiólogos, enfermeras, auxiliares de enfermería, instrumentistas y administradores), en la búsqueda de indagar por los puntos débiles de su trabajo, la ausencia de incentivos, los niveles de desapego, así como la posible desmotivación inducida por ausencia de programas de bienestar. De los resultados obtenidos se pudo determinar que existen correlaciones entre las actividades laborales, el burnout y el desinterés emocional, la falta de incentivos, en relación con los programas de bienestar en el trabajo. Así mismo, los análisis de regresión evidencian el efecto negativo del síndrome de burnout y la incidencia negativa del estrés laboral en la motivación de los colaboradores.
Workers are the most valuable and important resource in organizations, however, the specific demands of high competitiveness due to globalization, market needs and rapid changes in organizations and companies have come to complicate the work environment in which their activities are developed. The importance of work is so strong that on several occasions the value of a person is defined by their profession or work, by their location in the formal structure of an organization or company, or by the titles and honors obtained (Pérez, 2005). This has led to daily work becoming more demanding every day and generates concern, suffering and illness in the human beings who work, affecting motivation, interest and professional satisfaction. As a result, it has diminished and the perception of efficiency is affected, until it achieves a form of detachment in the workplace (Maslach, & Jackson, 1981).
A growing factor in recent times is the study and investigation of what happens to man in his work experience. The work environment is one of the main sources of risk of exhaustion or chronic work stress. This stress is related to pressure factors in the work environment, greater demands than the capabilities, resources and needs of the worker. Causes emotional fatigue, lack of personalization and low professional satisfaction, this can occur in occupations that are largely oriented in the field of providing assistance and services to people, in occupations where there is a relationship between the provider and the recipient of the service, caused by different situations, among them, the pressure for the increase of the productivity, the lack of training or conflicts not solved correctly. In turn, the persistence of stress related to work can lead to the development of burnout syndrome, which is characterized as a type of chronic work stress.
The purpose of this article is to determine the incidence of satisfaction and motivation in work-related stress and acceptance of well-being in the emergency rooms of four highly complex hospitals and two hospitals with lower levels of care, in Medellin and Bogotá by applying the Maslach Burnout Inventory-MBI whose 22 questions were related by grouping into five factors of work leading to exhaustion.
The research focuses on the analysis of five variables that were selected because of their importance for the involvement of workers and that will allow creating a specific concept of the elements that motivate and discourage workers in the health area using previously conducted studies. These are: stress related to work activities, burnout syndrome, work incentives and job satisfaction, and well-being at work.
The sample consisted of 360 health professionals who answered the MBI questionnaire, adapted to know their perception regarding the variables Incentives, Satisfaction and Burnout, among others. For this purpose, health professionals from different disciplines (doctors, anesthesiologists, nurses, nursing assistants, instrumentalists and administrators) were interviewed, in the search to investigate the weak points of their work, the absence of incentives, the levels of detachment, as well as the possible demotivation induced by absence of welfare programs.
From the results obtained it was possible to determine that there are correlations between work activities, burnout and emotional disinterest, the lack of incentives, in relation to workplace wellness programs. Likewise, regression analyzes show the negative effect of the burnout syndrome and the negative incidence of work stress on employee motivation.
