Depression in institutionalized adolescents: The role of memories of warmth and safeness, shame and self-criticism

• Sara Santos ^[1] ; Maria do Céu Salvador ^[1]
  1. [1] Universidade de Coimbra

     Universidade de Coimbra

     Coimbra (Sé Nova), Portugal

     
• Localización: The Spanish Journal of Psychology, ISSN 1138-7416, Nº 24, 2021
• Idioma: inglés
• DOI: 10.1017/SJP.2021.27
• Enlaces
  • Texto completo
• Resumen

  • Institutionalization is a current problem, related to several indicators of psychological maladjustment. In the same way, there are several studies that point to the role of shame and self-criticism in the development of psychopathology.

    Therefore, our study explored, in institutionalized adolescents, whether early memories of warmth and safeness (EMWS) were associated to depression through external shame and self-criticism. The sample included 171 institutionalized adolescents (60.2% girls;Mage = 15.56; SD = 1.49). Depression, EMWS, external shame and self-criticism were assessed.

    TheEMWSdidn’t show a direct effect on depression, exerting its effect indirectly through external shame and self-criticism.

    The relationship between EMWS and self-criticism was fully mediated by external shame, and the relationship between external shame and depression was fully mediated by self-criticism. In conclusion, the way the individual sees and relates to the self seems to impact on psychological adjustment and in the development of psychopathology. The fact that external shame and self-criticism fully mediated the relationship between EMWS and depression emphasizes the relevance of preventive and therapeutic approaches that aim to promote a healthier way of relating to the self.

• Referencias bibliográficas
  • Alberto, I. (2003). Como pássaros em gaiolas? Reflexões em torno da institucionalização demenores em risco. [Like birds in cages? Reflections...
  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th Ed.). Author. http:// doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
  • Anderson, J., & Simonitch, B. (1981). Reactive depression in youths experiencing emancipation. Child Welfare, 60(6), 383–390.
  • Andrews, B., & Hunter, E. (1997). Shame, early abuse, and course of depression in a clinical sample: A preliminary study.Cognition and...
  • Arpini, M. D. (2003). Pensando a perspetiva institucional e a intervenção em abrigos para crianças e adolescents [Thinking about the institutional...
  • Barry, C. T., Loflin, D. C., & Doucette, H. (2015). Adolescent self-compassion: Associations with narcissism, self-esteem, aggression,...
  • Beck, A. (1964). Thinking and depression II: Theory and therapy. Archives of General Psychiatry, 10, 561–571. https:// doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1964.01720240015003
  • Cantazaro, A., & Wei, M. (2010). Adult attachment, dependence, self-criticism, and depressive symptoms: A test of a mediational model....
  • Castilho, P., Pinto-Gouveia, J., & Duarte, J. (2016). Two forms of self-criticism mediate differently the shamepsychopathological symptoms...
  • Cheung, M. S.-P., Gilbert, P., & Irons, C. (2004). An exploration of shame, social rank and rumination in relation to depression. Personality...
  • Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112(1), 155–159. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.155
  • Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd Ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. https:// doi.org/10.4324/9780203771587
  • Cummings, K. (2016). The impact of foster care on depression: An examination of placement type and mental health service utilization among...
  • Cunha, M., Martinho, M. I., Xavier, A. M., & Espírito Santo, H. (2013). 1405—Earlymemories of positive emotions and its relationships...
  • Cunha,M., Xavier, A.M. d. J., Cherpe, S., & Pinto-Gouveia, J. (2016). Avaliação da vergonha externa em adolescentes: ‘Other as Shamer...
  • Dickerson, S. S., Gruenewald, T. L., & Kemeny, M. E. (2004). When the social self is threatened: Shame, physiology, and health. Journal...
  • Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A., & Lang, A.-G. (2009). Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression...
  • Gilbert, P. (2014). Evolutionary models: Practical and conceptual utility for the treatment and study of social anxiety disorder. In J. Weeks...
  • Gilbert, P., Baldwin,M.W., Irons, C., Baccus, J. R., & Palmer, M. (2006). Self-criticism and self-warmth: An imagery study exploring their...
  • Gilbert, P., Clarke, M., Hempel, S., Miles, J., & Irons, C. (2004). Criticizing and reassuring oneself: An exploration of forms, styles...
  • Gilbert, P., & Irons, C. (2005). Focused therapies and compassionate mind training for shame and self-attacking. In P. Gilbert (Ed.),...
  • Gilbert, P., & Irons, C. (2009). Shame, self-criticism, and selfcompassion in adolescence. In. N. B. Allen & L. B. Sheeber (Eds.),...
  • Gilbert, P., & Perris, C. (2000). Early experiences and subsequent psychosocial adaptation: An introduction. Clinical Psychology &...
  • Gilbert, P., & Procter, S. (2006). Compassionate mind training for people with high shame and self-criticism: Overview and pilot study...
  • Goss, K., Gilbert, P., & Allan, S. (1994). An exploration of shame measures–I. The Other as Shamer Scale. Personality and Individual Differences,...
  • Hayes, A. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. The Guilford Press.
  • Instituto de Segurança Social. (2016). CASA 2015: Relatório de caracterização anual da situação de acolhimento das crianças e jovens [CASA...
  • Instituto de Segurança Social. (2019). CASA 2018: Relatório de caracterização anual da situação de acolhimento das crianças e jovens [CASA...
  • Irons, C., Gilbert, P., Baldwin,M.W., Baccus, J. R., & Palmer, M. (2006). Parental recall attachment relating and selfattacking/self-reassurance:...
  • Kelly, A. C., & Carter, J. C. (2013). Why self-critical patients present with more severe eating disorder pathology: The mediating role...
  • Kelly, A. C., Zuroff, D. C., & Shapira, L. B. (2009). Soothing oneself and resisting self-attacks: The treatment of two intrapersonal...
  • Leal, I., Antunes, R., Passos, T., Pais-Ribeiro, J., & Maroco, J. (2009). Estudo da Escala de Depressão, Ansiedade e Stresse para Crianças...
  • Lei nº 23/2017, de 23 de maio, terceira alteração à Lei n.º 147/99, de 1 de setembro, Lei de Proteção de Crianças e Jovens em Perigo [Law...
  • Lovibond, P., & Lovibond, S. (1995). The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS)...
  • Luyten, P., Sabbe, B., Blatt, S. J., Meganck, S., Jansen, B., De Grave, C.,Maes, F., &Corveleyn, J. (2007). Dependency and self-criticism:...
  • Marshall, M. B., Zuroff, D. C., McBride, C., & Bagby, R. M. (2008). Self-criticism predicts differential response to treatment for major...
  • Martins, M. J., Macedo, A., Carvalho, C. B., Pereira, A. T., & Castilho, P. (2020). Are shame and self‐criticism the path to the pervasive...
  • Matos, M., Pinto-Gouveia, J., Gilbert, P., Duarte, C., & Figueiredo, C. (2015). The Other as Shamer Scale–2: Development and validation...
  • McMillen, J. C., Zima, B. T., Scott, L. D., Auslander, W. F., Munson, M. R., Ollie, M. T., & Spitznagel, E. L. (2005). Prevalence of psychiatric...
  • Miklowitz, D. J. (2015). Delinquency, depression, and psychosis among adolescents in foster care:What holds three heads together? Journal...
  • Pace, T. W. W., Negi, L. T., Dodson-Lavelle, B., Ozawa-de Silva, B., Reddy, S. D., Cole, S. P., Danese, A., Craighead, L. W., & Raison,...
  • Pestana, M. H., & Gageiro, J. N. (2008). Análise de dados para Ciências Sociais: A complementaridade do SPSS (5th Ed.) [Data analysis...
  • Ed.)]. Edições Sílabo. Pinto-Gouveia, J., Castilho, P., Matos, M., & Xavier, A. (2013). Centrality of shame memories and psychopathology:...
  • Reddy, S. D., Negi, L. T., Dodson-Lavelle, B., Ozawa-de Silva, B., Pace, T. W. W., Cole, S. P., Raison, C. L., & Craighead, L. W. (2013)....
  • Richter, A., Gilbert, P., &McEwan, K. (2009). Development of an Early Memories of Warmth and Safeness Scale and its relationship to psychopathology....
  • Ross, N. D., Kaminski, P. L., & Herrington, R. (2019). From childhood emotional maltreatment to depressive symptoms in adulthood: The...
  • Salazar, A. M., Keller, T. E., & Courtney, M. E. (2011). Understanding social support’s role in the relationship between maltreatment...
  • Santos, S.,&Salvador,M. C. (2018). Bem-me-quer(o), mal-mequer(o): Ajustamento psicológico de adolescentes institucionalizados e não institucionalizados...
  • Shahar, B., Doron, G., & Szepsenwol, O. (2014). Childhood maltreatment, shame-proneness and self-criticism in social anxiety disorder:...
  • Silva, M., & Bizarro, L. (2011). O bem-estar subjetivo de adolescentes institucionalizados [The subjective well-being of institutionalized...
  • Silva, C., & Salvador, M. C. (2010). A Escala das Formas de Auto-Criticismo e de Auto-Traquilização (FSCRS): Características psicométricas...
  • Simões, M. (1994). Investigações no âmbito da aferição nacional do teste das matrizes progressivas coloridas de Raven (M.P.C.R.) [Investigation...
  • Stevens, S. (2009). An examination of mental health factors related to risk-taking behaviors in children and adolescents [Doctoral dissertation]....
  • Stoner, A. M., Leon, S. C., & Fuller, A. K. (2015). Predictors of reduction in symptoms of depression for children and adolescents in...
  • Strecht, P. (1997). Crescer vazio: Repercussões psíquicas do abandono, negligência e maus-tratos em crianças e adolescentes [Growing up empty:...
  • Szabó, M. (2010). The short version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS–21): Factor structure in a young adolescent sample. Journal...
  • Vagos, P., da Silva, D. R., Brazão, N., Rijo, D., & Gilbert, P. (2016). The EarlyMemories ofWarmth and Safeness Scale for Adolescents:...
  • Whelton, W. J., & Greenberg, L. S. (2005). Emotion in selfcriticism. Personality and Individual Differences, 38, 1583–1595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2004.09.024