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Based on growing evidence that negative-direct behavior that addresses important contextual and situational demands is less harmful than negative-direct behavior that occurs irrespective of current demands, the current investigation tests whether the longitudinal impact of partners’ negative-direct behavior depends on whether that behavior is more variable versus stable across couples’ daily life and conflict interactions. In Studies 1 and 2, participants rated how much their partner behaved in critical and unpleasant ways every day for 21 days. In Study 3, couples were video-recorded discussing an important area of conflict, and independent coders rated how much partners expressed criticism and hostility within every 30-s segment of the discussion. In each study, the repeated assessments were used to calculate average levels (within-person mean across days or couples’ discussions) and variability (within-person SD across days or couples’ discussions) of partners’ negative-direct behavior. Participants also reported on the severity of their relationship problems and relationship satisfaction at the beginning of each study and then 9 months later (Studies 1 and 2) or repeatedly across the following year (Study 3). High mean levels of partners’ criticism and hostility predicted greater relationship problems (Studies 1–3) and lower relationship satisfaction (Study 3) when partners’ negative-direct behavior was stable across time (low within-person variability), but was less harmful when partners’ negative-direct behavior varied across time (high within-person variability). These novel results illustrate that behavioral variability offers a valuable way to understand and examine behavioral patterns that will be more helpful versus harmful in navigating the challenges of social life. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)
