Factores de riesgo psicosociales en los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria: una revisión y algunas consideraciones para la prevención y la intervención

• Gismero González, María Elena ^[1]
  1. [1] Universidad Pontificia Comillas

     Universidad Pontificia Comillas

     Madrid, España

     
• Localización: Revista de psicoterapia, ISSN-e 2339-7950, ISSN 1130-5142, Vol. 31, Nº. 115, 2020 (Ejemplar dedicado a: Complejidad de los trastornos alimentarios), págs. 33-47
• Idioma: español
• DOI: 10.33898/rdp.v31i115.354
• Títulos paralelos:
  • Psychosocial risk factors for Eating Disorders: a review and some considerations for prevention and intervention
• Enlaces
  • Texto completo (pdf)
• Dialnet Métricas: 8 Citas
• Resumen
  • español

    Identificar factores de riesgo es esencial para poder desarrollar estrategias preventivas y orientar intervenciones eficaces de los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria (TCA). El objetivo de esta revisión es examinar algunos factores psicosociales (socioculturales, contextuales y psicológicos) que han demostrado incrementar el riesgo de desarrollar un TCA, prestando especial atención a los hallazgos provenientes de estudios longitudinales prospectivos. Todos los factores relacionados con la exposición al ideal social de delgadez en la mujer y la presión para conseguirlo, como la exposición a los medios, las presiones para adelgazar, la internalización del ideal de delgadez, y las expectativas al adelgazar, son factores de riesgo capaces de predecir incrementos en los niveles de insatisfacción corporal, práctica de dietas o síntomas bulímicos, en mujeres adolescentes y jóvenes. Algunos rasgos de personalidad (perfeccionismo, emocionalidad negativa, síntomas depresivos, baja autoestima, impulsividad/urgencia negativa), así como ciertos funcionamientos parentales inadecuados, y el contacto con pares con preocupaciones y patrones similares, también han mostrado ser predictivos del desarrollo de síntomas de trastornos de conducta alimentaria. Concluimos la revisión con algunas sugerencias a tener en cuenta en las intervenciones preventivas y clínicas.

  • English

    Identifying risk factors is esential to develop strategies for prevention and to guide effective interventions for eating disorders (ED). The purpose of this review is to examine some socicultural, contextual and psychological factors that have proved to increase the risk to develop an ED, with special attention to findings from longitudinal prospective studies. All factors linked with being exposed to the sociocultural idealization of thinnes in women and the pressure to attain it (media exposure, pressures for thinnes, thin-ideal internalization, thinnes expectancies) are risk factors that can predict increasing in body dissatisfaction levels, use of diets o bulimic symptoms, in adolescent and young women. Some personality factors (perfectionism, negative emotionality, depressive symptoms, low self-steem, impulsivity/negative urgency), as well as some maladaptative parental behaviors, and peers with similar worries and strategies, have been shown to predict the development of eating disorders symptoms. We conclude with some suggestions to consider in the preventive and clinic interventions.

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