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Perú
El autoconcepto es uno de los factores que permite al ser humano gozar de salud y bienestar emocional durante su desarrollo evolutivo. Musitu, García y Gutiérrez (1991) mencionan que el autoconcepto es la percepción que tiene la persona de sí misma en base a la observación de sus capacidades y limitaciones y que le permite tener un sentido de la propia identidad. Quien posee un autoconcepto positivo, podrá ser capaz de aceptar retos, emprender desafíos, perder el temor, aventurarse y experimentar cosas nuevas. El estudio que se informa analiza las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Autoconcepto AF5 de García y Musitu. Se utilizó un diseño transversal con una muestra de 861 estudiantes de una universidad privada de Tarapoto (Perú). La escala es de tipo Likert y está compuesta por 30 ítems distribuidos en cinco dimensiones: autoconcepto académico, autoconcepto social, autoconcepto emocional, autoconcepto familiar y autoconcepto físico.
En primera instancia se realizó un análisis factorial exploratorio (AFE) con rotación Vari- max en el que cinco factores explicaron el 51.98% de la variancia total. Posteriormente, se realizó con la técnica de ecuaciones estructurales un aná- lisis factorial confirmatorio (AFC) para el cual se realizaron cuatro re-especificaciones. La solución final obtuvo índices de ajuste adecuados (RMSEA = .05; p = .05; TL I = .90; CFI = .92, CMIN / DF = 3.521; GFI = .92 y AGFI = .90).
Entre los principales hallazgos se encontró que la solución final confirma la propuesta del autoconcepto como un constructo multidimensional de cinco factores. Sin embargo, el número de ítems difiere ligeramente. No se logró identificar una solución de segundo orden que evalúe el autoconcepto global. Los valores de confiabilidad para las escalas oscilaron entre .771 y .835. Los resultados obtenidos coinciden con los hallazgos de los autores originales por lo que se afirma que elAF5 es un instrumento válido y confiable para estudiantes universitarios peruanos.
Self-concept is one of the factors that allows humans to live healthy and with emotional wellbeing during their evolutionary development. Musitu, García, and Gutiérrez (1991) mention thatselfconcept isthe perception that people have of themselves based on the observation of their capabilities and limitations, which allowsthem to have a sense of identity. People having a positive self-concept may be able to accept dares, undertake challenges, lose fear, venture out, and try new things. In this regard, the presentstudy analyzesthe psychometric properties of García and Musitu’sAF5 Selfconcept Scale. We used a cross-sectional design and the study sample consisted of 861 students of both genders (467 female and 394 male) in a private university in Tarapoto (Perú); who filled out the AF5 scale consisting of 30 items divided into five dimensions: academic self-concept,socialself-concept, emotional self-concept, family self-concept, and physical self-concept, which are answered through a Likert scale.
Firstly, we calculated the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) sampling adequacy index for total scale where we obtained .885 and Bartlett’s index of sphericity was 9377.994 (df = 435, p = .001), these values allowed us to do the exploratory factor analysis (EFA) with Varimax rotation where five factors explained the 51.98% of the total variance.
Later, a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was executed through the technique of structural equations for which four re-specification were done, the final solution got indexes of adequate adjustments (RMSEA = .05, p = .05; TLI = .90, CFI = .92, CMIN / DF = 3.521; GFI = .92, and AGFI = .90). Among the main findings we found that the finalsolution confirmsthe proposal ofselfconcept as a multidimensional construct of five factors; however, the number of items differs slightly. It was not possible to identify a second order solution that may evaluate global self-concept.
With respect to reliability, values for scales ranged from alpha equal to .771 and .835. The results obtained coincide with the findings of the original authors; therefore, we state that theAF5 is a valid and reliable instrument for Peruvian university students.
The literature has shown that an adequate selfconcept is important in the life of every university student (Chen, Chiu, & Wang, 2015; Jansen, Scherer, & Schroeders, 2015; Zho, Ou & Zhao, 2015). Taking into account that college entrance is usually the first major change in the life of a teenager, a phase where students tend to have certain academic conflicts, new living arrangements, academic pressure, new financial responsibilities, and stablishment of new relationships, both social and / or romantic, as a result of educational change;
Therefore, if self-concept is not well defined, students will be more likely to show school desertion generated in the first years of higher education due to decompensated shock caused by the transition from high school routine life to an academic self-learning one. Chen, Chiu, and Wang (2015) found that self-concept has a positive and significant effect on a personal level and contributes to the development of the recognition of selflearning and meta-cognitive skills(to improve their academic performance). Jansen, Scherer, and Schroeders (2015) mention that self-concept is a better predictor of future on motivation to aspire to a career in science; and Zho, Ou, and Zhao (2015) emphasize that having a high self-concept, contributes to student performance, to make an effort to do homework or study, which allow to increase performance in college. Thus, in a university academic context, the literature reports that self-concept is an important factor for adequate adaptation to college life.
