Exploring entrepreneurial intentions in Latin American university students

• Autores: Françoise Contreras, Juan Carlos Espinosa, Karla Soria, Alexandra Portalanza, Kety Jauregui Machuca, Jesús Alfonso Omaña Guerrero
• Localización: International Journal of Psychological Research, ISSN 2011-2084, ISSN-e 2011-2084, Vol. 10, Nº. 2, 2017, págs. 46-59
• Idioma: inglés
• DOI: 10.21500/20112084.2794
• Títulos paralelos:
  • Explorando las intenciones emprendedoras en estudiantes universitarios Latinoamericanos
• Enlaces
  • Texto completo (pdf)
• Dialnet Métricas: 10 Citas
• Resumen
  • español

    El propósito de este estudio fue determinar si la intención de emprendimiento, con base en el modelo de comportamiento planeado de Ajzen (1991), puede predecirse con base en la propensión al riesgo, el locus de control interno y las habilidades de liderazgo. Asimismo, se identificaron variables sociodemográficas asociadas a tal intención. Se aplicó una batería de instrumentos estandarizados y confiables a 1493 estudiantes universitarios de áreas empresariales en cinco países latinoamericanos. De acuerdo con los resultados, la intención de emprendimiento puede predecirse significativamente con las variables estudiadas. De igual forma, se confirmó la incidencia de los antecedentes familiares en tal intención lo cual ha sido reportado en varios estudios. Contrario a lo hallado en otros estudios, no se encontraron diferencias por género en la intención de emprendimiento. Se discuten estos hallazgos.

  • English

    The aim of this study was to determine if entrepreneurial intention, based on Ajzen’s model of planned behavior(1991), can be predicted by risk propensity, internal locus of control and leadership skills. Six standardizedand reliable instruments were applied to 1493 undergraduate university business students in Latin Americancountries, selected through non-random quota sampling in accordance with their formation level in each of thefive participating universities. Using structural equation techniques, the research model was validated andintention estimated and analyzed in relation to a set of socio-demographic variables. According to the results,entrepreneurial intention can be significantly predicted by the psychological variables under consideration and,contrary to what has been reported in other research, no gender differences were found in the intention ofentrepreneurship. These findings are discussed.

• Referencias bibliográficas
  • Aiken, L. (2003). Test psicol´ogicos y evaluaci´on (L. Gaona,
  • Ed.). M´exico, D.F.: Prentice Hall.
  • Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational
  • Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50,
  • -211.
  • Arenius, P., & Minniti, M. (2005). Perceptual variables and
  • nascent entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics,
  • (3), 233-247.
  • Bagheri, A., & Lope, Z. (2013). Role of university entrepreneurship
  • programs in developing students’ entrepreneurial
  • leadership competencies: Perspectives from
  • malaysian undergraduate students. Journal of Education
  • for Business, 88(1), 51-61.
  • Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control.
  • New York, NY: Freeman.
  • Barba-S´anchez, V., & Atienza-Sahuquillo, C. (2012). Entrepreneurial
  • behavior: Impact of motivation factors
  • on decision to create a new venture. Investigaciones
  • Europeas de Direcci´on y Econom´ıa de la Empresa, 18,
  • -138.
  • BarNir, A., Watson, W., & Hutchins, H. (2011). Mediation
  • and moderated mediation in the relationship among role
  • models, self-efficacy, entrepreneurial career intention
  • and gender. Journal of Applied Social Psychology,
  • (2), 270-297.
  • B´echard, J. P., & Gr´egoire, D. (2005). Entrepreneurship education
  • research revisited: The case of higher education.
  • Academy of Management Learning & Education, 4(1),
  • -43.
  • Brenlla, M., & V´azquez, N. (2010). An´alisis psicom´etrico
  • de la adaptaci´on argentina de la escala de locus de
  • control de rotter. universidad cat´olica (Working Paper).
  • Universidad Cat´olica Argentina. Retrieved from
  • http://www.uca.edu.ar/uca/common/
  • grupo68/files/Documento de Trabajo
  • Locus de Control1.pdf
  • Browne, M.W. (1984). Asymptotically distribution-free methods
  • for the analysis of covariance structures. British
  • Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 37,
  • -83.
  • Bygrave, W., & Hofer, C. (1991). Theorizing about entrepreneurship.
  • Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,
  • (2), 13-22.
  • Byrne, B. (2009). Structural equation modeling with amos:
  • Basic concepts, applications, and programming, second
  • edition. New York, NY: Taylor & Francis.
  • Cano, C. J., Garc´ıa, J., & Gea, A. B. (2004). El emprendedor
  • innovador y la creaci´on de empresas de i+d+i.
  • In S. Roig, D. Ribeiro, R. Torcal, A. D. la Torre, &
  • E. Cerver (Eds.), (p. 143-160). Servei de Publicaci´ons
  • Universitat de Valencia.
  • Chabaud, D., & Ngijol, J. (2004, 12). La reconnaissance
  • des opportunit´es de march´e par l’entrepreneur: faut-il
  • changer de perspective? In Conf´erence aims.
  • Chan, K. Y., Ho, M. R., Chernyshenko, O. S., Bedford, O.,
  • Uy, M. A., Gomulya, D., & Phan, W. M. J. (2012). Entrepreneurship,
  • professionalism, leadership: A framework
  • and measure for understanding boundaryless careers.
  • Journal of Vocational Behavior, 81(73-88).
  • Chen, G., Gully, S., & Eden, D. (2001). Validation of a new
  • general self-efficacy scale. Organizational Research
  • Methods, 4, 62-83.
  • Cogliser, C., & Brigham, K. (2004). The intersection of
  • leadership and entrepreneurship: Mutual lessons to be
  • learned. The Leadership Quarterly, 15(6), 771-799.
  • Dawson, C., & Henley, A. (2015). Gender, risk, and venture
  • creation intentions. Journal of Small Business Management,
  • (2), 501-515.
  • Delmar, F., & Holmquist, C. (2004). Women entrepreneurship:
  • Issues and policies. Istanbul, Turkey: OECD.
  • D´ıaz, J., Pulido, D., & Mogoll´on, R. (2006). Hacia un
  • modelo de creaci´on de empresas. Bolet´ın de Estudios
  • Econ´omicos.
  • Douglas, E. J., & Fitzsimmons, J. R. (2013). Intrapreneurial
  • intentions versus entrepreneurial intentions: distinct
  • constructs with different antecedents. Small Business
  • Economics, 41, 115-132.
  • Douglas, E. J., & Shephard, D. A. (2002). Self-employment
  • as a career choice: Attitudes, entrepreneurial intentions
  • and utility maximization. Entrepreneurial Theory and
  • Practice, 19, 67-79.
  • Eckhardt, J., & Shane, S. (2003). Opportunities and entrepreneurship.
  • Journal of Management, 29(3), 333-
  • Estay, C., Durrieu, F., & Akhter, M. (2013). Entrepreneurship:
  • From motivation to start-up. Journal of International
  • Entrepreneurship, 11(3), 243-267.
  • E.Turkina, & Thanh, M. (2015). Socio-psychological determinants
  • of opportunity entrepreneurship. international
  • entrepreneurship. Management Journal, 11, 213-238.
  • Fel´ıcio, J. A., Gonc¸alves, H. M., & da Conceic¸ ˜ao Gonc¸alves,
  • V. (2013). Social value and organizational performance
  • in non-profit social organizations: Social entrepreneurship,
  • leadership, and socioeconomic context effects.
  • Journal of Business Research, 66(10), 2139-2146. doi:
  • j.jbusres.2013.02.040
  • G´alvez, E. (2011). Cultura intraemprendedora e innovaci´on:
  • un estudio emp´ırico en las mipyme tur´ısticas colombianas.
  • Cuadernos de Administraci´on, 27(2), 103-114.
  • GEM, G. E. M. (2014). Informe ejecutivo. Centro de EmEntrepreneurial
  • intentions in Latin American students (Research Article) — 58/59
  • prendedores IESA. Caracas.
  • Giacomin, O., Janssen, F., Pruett, M., Shinnar, R., Llopis, F.,
  • & Toney, B. (2011). Entrepreneurial intentions, motivations
  • and barriers: Differences among american, asian
  • and european students. International Entrepreneurial
  • Management, 7, 219-238.
  • Gonz´alez, F. (2004). Incidencia del marco institucional en
  • la capacidad emprendedora de los j´ovenes empresarios
  • de andaluc´ıa (Unpublished doctoral dissertation).
  • Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Espa˜na.
  • G¨unther, J., & Wagner, K. (2007). Getting out of the ivory
  • tower-new perspectives on the entrepreneurial university.
  • Discussion Papers on Entrepreneurship and Innovation,
  • (4), 400-417.
  • G¨urol, Y., & Atsan, N. (2006). Entrepreneurial characteristics
  • amongst university students: some insights for
  • entrepreneurship education and training in turkey. Education
  • and Training, 48, 25-38.
  • Henley, A., Cock, C. D., Latreille, P., Dawson, C., &
  • Humphreys, I. (2008). Entrepreneurial aspirations
  • and activity amongst students: A comparative study for
  • wales. Final Report to the Welsh Assembly Government.
  • Retrieved from WelshAssembly.http://
  • opus.bath.ac.uk/39328/
  • Kansikas, J., Laakkonen, A., Sarpo, V., & Kontinen, T. (2012).
  • Entrepreneurial leadership and familiness as resources
  • for strategic entrepreneurship. International Journal
  • of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, 18(2), 141-
  • Kirby, D. (2004). Entrepreneurship education: can business
  • schools meet the challenge? Education + Training,
  • (8/9), 520-519.
  • Korunka, C., Frank, H., Lueger, M., & Mugler, J. (2003). The
  • entrepreneurial personality in the context of resources,
  • environment, and the start up process– a configurational
  • approach. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 28,
  • -42.
  • Krueger, N. F., & Brazeal, D. V. (1994). Entrepreneurial
  • potential and potential entrepreneurs. entrepreneurship.
  • Theory and Practice, 18, 91-104.
  • Krueger, N. F., Reilly, M. D. J., & Carsrud, A. L. (2000). Competing
  • models of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of
  • Business Venturing, 15, 411-432.
  • L´opez, W., Montilla, M., & Brice˜no, M. (2007). Rasgos determinantes
  • de las aptitudes emprendedores que forman
  • el perfil de los estudiantes de contadur´ıa p´ublica del
  • n´ucleo universitario rafael rangel. Actualidad Contable
  • FACES, 10(14), 80-93.
  • L¨uthje, C., & Franke, N. (2003). The “making” of an entrepreneur:
  • Testing a model of entrepreneurial intent
  • among engineering students at mit. R&D Managmente
  • Review, 33(2), 135-147.
  • Madrigal, B., Arechavala, R., & Madrigal, R. (2012). El
  • emprendedor y su capital social: caso el cl´uster del software
  • en jalisco. Revista Internacional Administraci´on
  • & Finanzas, 5(4), 107-120.
  • Maes, J., Leroy, H., & Sels, L. (2014). Gender differences in
  • entrepreneurial intentions: A tpb multi-group analysis
  • at factor and indicator level. European Management
  • Journal, 32(5), 784-794. doi: 10.1016/j.emj.2014.01
  • .001
  • Martos, V. (2007). El compromiso en la empresa familiar bajo
  • una ´optica de liderazgo transformacional y aprendizaje
  • organizacional. Investigaciones Europeas de Direcci´on
  • y Econom´ıa en la Empresa, 13(3), 217-234.
  • Marulanda, F., Montoya, I., & V´elez, J. (2014). Teor´ıas
  • motivacionales en el estudio del emprendimiento. Pensamiento
  • y Gesti´on, 36, 204-236.
  • Matthews, C., Schenkel, M., & Hechavarria, D. (2009).
  • New firm creation in the united states. In R. Curtin &
  • P. Reynolds (Eds.), (p. 51-67). New York, NY: Springer.
  • doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-09523-3 4
  • Medina, P., Bol´ıvar, A., & Lemes, A. (2014). Un paso m´as
  • en la investigaci´on de la intenci´on emprendedora del
  • estudiante universitario guesss. Revista de Estudios
  • Empresariales, 2, 63-80.
  • Morales, F. M. J. (2011). Liderazgo: Hecho y ficci´on. Madrid,
  • Espa˜na: Alianza Editorial.
  • Moriano, J. A., Gorgievski, M., Laguna, M., Stephan, U.,
  • & Zarafshani, K. (2012). A cross-cultural approach
  • to understanding entrepreneurial intention. Journal of
  • Career Development, 39(2), 162-185.
  • Mueller, S., & Thomas, A. (2001). Culture and entrepreneurial
  • potential: a nine country study of locus of control and
  • innovativeness. Journal of Business Venturing, 16(1),
  • -75.
  • n´an, F. L., Nabi, G., & Krueger, N. (2013). British and
  • spanish entrepreneurial intentions: A comparative study.
  • Revista de Economia Mundial, 33, 73-103.
  • n´an, F. L., Santos, F., & Fern´andez, J. (2011). The influence
  • of perceptions on potencial entrepreneurs. International
  • Entrepreneurship Management, 7, 373-390.
  • n´an, F. L., Urbano, D., & Guerrero, M. (2011). Regional variations
  • in entrepreneurial cognitions: Start-up intentions
  • of university students in spain. Entrepreneurship and
  • Regional, 23(3-4), 187-215.
  • Nascimento, B., Gonc¸alves, J., Hon´orio, A., & Bastos, F.
  • (2010). Empreendedorismo e internacionalizac¸ ˜ao: um
  • caso no setor de eventos de gest ao. Revista Ibero
  • Americana de Estrat´egia, 9(1), 4-31.
  • Nishantha, B. (2009, December). Influence of personality
  • traits and socio-demographic background of undergraduate
  • students on motivations for entrepreneurial career:
  • the case of sri lanka. In Euro asia management studies
  • association (eamsa). Kyoto, Japan.
  • Olmos, R. (2011). An´alisis de la intenci´on emprendedora
  • en estudiantes universitarios a trav´es de los rasgos de
  • personalidad. Multiciencias, 11(1), 65-75.
  • Palich, L., & Bagby, D. (1995). Using cognitive theory to
  • explain entrepreneurial risk-taking: Challenging conEntrepreneurial
  • intentions in Latin American students (Research Article) — 59/59
  • ventional wisdom. Journal of Business Venturing, 10,
  • -438.
  • Popescu, C. C., Bostan, I., Robu, I. B., & Maxim, A. (2016).
  • An analysis of the determinants of entrepreneurial intentions
  • among students: A romanian case study. Sustainability,
  • (8), 771. doi: 10.3390/su8080771
  • Rodr´ıguez, C., & Jim´enez, M. (2005). Emprenderismo, acci´on
  • gubernamental y academia. revisi´ın de la literatura. Innovar,
  • , 73-89.
  • S´anchez, J. C., Lanero, A., & Yurrebaso, A. (2005). Variables
  • determinantes dela intenci´on emprendedora en el
  • contexto universitario. Revista de Psicolog´ıa Aplicada,
  • (1), 37-60.
  • Schjoedt, L., & Shaver, K. (2012). Development and validation
  • of a locus of control scale for the entrepreneurship
  • domain. Small Business Economics, 39, 713-726.
  • Schwer, R. K., & Yucelt, U. (1984). A study of risk-taking
  • propensities among small business entrepreneurs and
  • managers: an empirical evaluation. American Journal
  • of Small Business, 7, 33-40.
  • Segal, G., Borgia, D., & Schoenfeld, J. (2005). The motivation
  • to become an entrepreneur. International Journal of
  • Entrepreneurship Behavior and Research, 11(1), 42-
  • Shane, S., Locke, E., & Collins, C. J. (2003). Entrepreneurial
  • motivation. 2003, 25(1), 217-226.
  • Shane, S., & S.Venkataraman. (2000). The promise of entrepreneurship
  • as a field of research. Academy of Management
  • Review, 217-226.
  • Shapero, A., & Sokol, L. (1982). The encyclopedia of entrepreneurship.
  • In C. Kent, D. Sexton, & K. H. Vesper
  • (Eds.), (p. 72-90). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
  • Shaver, K., & Scott, L. (1991). Person, process, choice: the
  • psychology of new venture creation. Entrepreneurship
  • Theory & Practice, 16(2), 23-45.
  • Shittu, A., & Dosunmu, Z. (2014). Family background and
  • entrepreneurial intention of fresh graduates in nigeria.
  • Journal of Poverty, Investment and Development, 5,
  • -90.
  • Soria, K., Honores, G., & Guti´errez, J. (2016). Gender and
  • social legitimacy of entrepreneurship: Contribution to
  • entrepreneurial intention in university students from
  • chile and colombia. Journal of Technology Managment,
  • (3—), 67-76.
  • Soria-Barreto, K., niga Jara, S. Z., & Ruiz-Campo, S. (2016a).
  • Determinantes de la intenci´on emprendedora: nueva
  • evidencia. Revista Interciencia, 41(5), 325-330.
  • Soria-Barreto, K., niga Jara, S. Z., & Ruiz-Campo, S. (2016b).
  • Educaci´on e intenci´on emprendedora en estudiantes
  • universitarios: Un caso de estudio. Formaci´on Universitaria,
  • (1), 25-34.
  • Sua´rez-A´ lvarez, J., & Pedrosa, I. (2016). The assessment of
  • entrepreneurial personality: The current situation and
  • future directions. Papeles del Psic´ologo, 37(1), 62-68.
  • Thompson, E. R. (2009). Individual entrepreneurial intent:
  • Construct clarification and development of an internationally
  • reliable metric. Entrepreneurship Theory and
  • Practice, 33(3), 669-694.
  • Thurik, R., & Dejardin, M. (2011). The impact of culture on
  • entrepreneurship. The European Business Review, 1(2),
  • -59.
  • Uddin, R., & Kanti, T. (2012). Determinants of entrepreneurial
  • intentions of business students in bangladesh.
  • International Journal of Business and Management,
  • (24), 128-137.
  • Venkataraman, S. (1997). Advances in entrepreneurship,
  • firms emergence and growth. In J. Katz & R. Brockhaus
  • (Eds.), (p. 119-138). Greenwich: JAI Press.
  • Verheul, I., Thurik, R., Grilo, I., & Zwan, P. (2012). Explaining
  • preferences and actual involvement in selfemployment:
  • gender and the entrepreneurial personality.
  • Journal of Economic Psychology, 33(2), 325– 341.
  • Wadhwa, V., Aggarwal, R., Holly, K., & Salkever, A. (2009).
  • The anatomy of an entrepreneur. family background and
  • motivation. New York, NY: Kauffman Foundation.
  • Wilson, F., Kickul, J., & Marlino, D. (2007). Gender, entrepreneurial
  • self-efficacy, and entrepreneurial career intentions:
  • Implications for entrepreneurship. Education.
  • Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 31(3), 387-406.
  • Winn, J. (2005). Women entrepreneurs: Can we remove the
  • barriers? International Entrepreneurship and Management
  • Journal, 1, 381–397.
  • Zhao, H., Siebert, S., & Hills, G. E. (2005). The mediating
  • role of self-efficacy development of entrepreneurial
  • intentions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(6), 1265-
  • Zula, K., Yarrish, K., & Christensen, S. (2010). Initial assessment
  • and validation of an instrument to measure student
  • perceptions of leadership skills. Journal of Leadership
  • Studies, 4(2), 48-55.