Cognición, emoción y mentira: implicaciones para detectar el engaño

• Iris Blandón-Gitlin ^[1] ; Rafael M. López ^[4] ; Jaume Masip ^[2] ; Elise Fenn ^[3]
  1. [1] California State University, Fullerton

     California State University, Fullerton

     Estados Unidos

     
  2. [2] Universidad de Salamanca

     Universidad de Salamanca

     Salamanca, España

     
  3. [3] California State University, Northridge

     California State University, Northridge

     Estados Unidos

     
  4. [4] Fundación Universitaria Behavior & Law, España

  Mostrar afiliaciones +
• Localización: Anuario de psicología jurídica, ISSN 1133-0740, Nº. 27, 2017, págs. 95-106
• Idioma: español
• DOI: 10.1016/j.apj.2017.02.004
• Títulos paralelos:
  • Cognition, emotion, and lying: implications to detect deception
• Enlaces
  • Texto completo
• Dialnet Métricas: 6 Citas
• Resumen
  • español

    Recientemente, la falta de evidencia en apoyo de la aproximación no verbal-emocional en detección de mentiras ha propiciado el desarrollo de la orientación cognitiva. Ésta sostiene que mentir es cognitivamente más complejo que decir la verdad y que un aumento artificial de la dificultad cognitiva durante una entrevista hará que el mentiroso muestre señales delatoras de sobrecarga cognitiva. En este trabajo argumentamos que mentir no es siempre más complejo que decir la verdad. Inferir automáticamente engaño a partir de indicadores de carga cognitiva puede llevar a error. Los profesionales deben conocer el funcionamiento de la memoria y del sistema cognitivo para poder comprender el significado de los indicadores de carga cognitiva y los científicos deben desarrollar modelos cognitivos de la mentira y elaborar sus hipótesis a partir de mecanismos y procesos cognitivos específicos. Por último, puesto que las emociones influyen en la cognición, no puede obviarse su papel en la detección de mentiras.

  • English

    Recently, the dearth of evidence supporting nonverbal-emotional approach to lie detection has favored the development of cognitive orientation. According to cognitive orientation, lying is cognitively more complex than truth telling, such that an artificial increase of cognitive difficulty during an interview will lead liars to show indicators of cognitive overload. In this paper we argue that lying is not always more cognitively difficult than telling the truth. Automatically inferring deception from the observation of cognitive load indicators may lead to erroneous judgments. Practitioners must know how memory and the human cognitive system work, so they can understand the actual meaning of cognitive load indicators. Scientists should develop cognitive models of deception to guide their research, and should base their research hypotheses on specific cognitive mechanisms and processes. Finally, because emotions influence cognition, the role of emotions in lie detection cannot be neglected.

• Referencias bibliográficas
  • Agarwal, P.K., Roediger, H.L., McDaniel, M.A., McDermott, K.B., How to use retrieval practice to improve learning. 2013, Washington University...
  • Alemany, A., Quintana, J.M., Recio, M., Silva, E., Manzanero, A., Martorell, A., González, J.L., Guía de intervención policial con personas...
  • Atkinson, R.C., Shiffrin, R.M., Human memory: A proposed system and its control processes. Spence, K.W., Spence, J.T., (eds.) The psychology...
  • Baddeley, A.D., The episodic buffer: A new component of working memory?. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 4 (2000), 417–423, 10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01538-2.
  • Baddeley, A.D., Working memory: Looking back and looking forward. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 4 (2003), 829–839, 10.1038/nrn1201.
  • Baddeley, A.D., Hitch, G.J., Working memory. Bower, G.A., (eds.) The psychology of learning and motivation, 8, 1974, Academic Press, Nueva...
  • Baddeley, A., Lewis, V., Eldridge, M., Thomson, N., Attention and retrieval from long-term memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology General...
  • Beilock, S.L., Rydell, R.J., McConnell, A.R., Stereotype threat and working memory: Mechanisms, alleviation, and spillover. Journal of Experimental...
  • Blanchette, I., Richards, A., The influence of affect on higher level cognition: A review of research on interpretation, judgment, decision...
  • Blandón-Gitlin, I., Echon, R. y Pineda, C. (2013, Jun). Detecting deception: The benefit of depleting executive control in liars. Comunicación...
  • Blandón-Gitlin, I., Fenn, E., Masip, J., Yoo, A., Cognitive-load approaches to detect deception: Searching for cognitive mechanisms. Trends...
  • Bond, C.F. Jr., DePaulo, B.M., Accuracy of deception judgments. Personality and Social Psychology Review 10 (2006), 214–234, 10.1207/s15327957pspr1003_2.
  • Bower, G.H., Forgas, J.P., Affect, memory, and social cognition. Eich, E., Kihlstrom, J.F., Bower, G.H., Forgas, J.P., Niedenthal, P.M., (eds.)...
  • Brewin, C., Andrews, B., Creating memories for false autobiographical events in childhood: A systematic review. Applied Cognitive Psychology...
  • Carlucci, M.E., Compo, N.S., Zimmerman, L., Lie detection during high-stakes truths and lies. Legal and Criminological Psychology 18 (2013),...
  • Chandler, P., Sweller, J., Cognitive load while learning to use a computer program. Applied Cognitive Psychology 10 (1996), 151–170 doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0720(199604)10:2<151::AID-ACP380>3.0.CO;2-U.
  • Cohen, R.L., Memory for action events: The power of enactment. Educational Psychology Review 1 (1989), 57–80, 10.1007/BF01326550.
  • Coy, B., O'Brien, W.H., Tabaczynski, T., Northern, J., Carels, R., Associations between evaluation anxiety, cognitive interference and...
  • Craik, F.I.M., Govoni, R., Naveh-Benjamin, M., Anderson, N.D., The effects of divided attention on encoding and retrieval processes in human...
  • DePaulo, B.M., Lindsay, J.J., Malone, B.E., Muhlenbruck, L., Charlton, K., Cooper, H., Cues to deception. Psychological Bulletin 129 (2003),...
  • Ekman, P., Universals and cultural differences in facial expressions of emotion. Cole, J.R., (eds.) Nebraska symposium on motivation, 19,...
  • Ekman, P., Telling lies: Clues to deceit in the marketplace, politics, and marriage. 2009, WW Norton & Company, Nueva York, NY.
  • Ekman, P., Frank, M.G., Lies that fail. Lewis, M., Saarni, C., (eds.) Lying and deception in everyday life, 1993, Guilford Press, Nueva York,...
  • Ekman, P., Friesen, W.V., Nonverbal leakage and clues to deception. Psychiatry 32 (1969), 88–106, 10.1521/00332747.1969.11023575.
  • Ekman, P., Friesen, W.V., Felt, false, and miserable smiles. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 6 (1982), 238–252, 10.1007/BF00987191.
  • Evans, J.R., Michael, S.W., Meissner, C.A., Brandon, S.E., Validating a new assessment method for deception detection: Introducing a Psychologically...
  • Fenn, E., Blandón-Gitlin, I., Pezdek, K., Yoo, A., Minority status matters: The potential role of stereotype threat in criminal investigations...
  • Fenn, E., McGuire, M., Langben, S., Blandón-Gitlin, I., A reverse order interview does not aid deception detection regarding intentions. Frontiers...
  • Frank, M.G., Svetieva, E., Microexpressions and deception. Mandal, M.K., Awasthi, A., (eds.) Understanding facial expressions in communication....
  • Frith, C., Frith, U., Theory of mind. Current Biology 15 (2005), R644–R645, 10.1016/j.cub.2005.08.041.
  • Gilovich, T., Savitsky, K., Medvec, V.H., The illusion of transparency: Biased assessments of others’ ability to read one's emotional...
  • Global Deception Research Team. A world of lies. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 37 (2006), 60–74 doi: 10.1177/0022022105282295.
  • Goldman-Eiser, F., Psycholinguistics: Experiments in spontaneous speech. 1968, Academic Press, Nueva York, NY.
  • Gombos, V.A., The cognition of deception: The role of executive processes in producing lies. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs...
  • Granhag, P.-A., Vrij, A., Verschuere, B., (eds.) Detecting deception. Current challenges and cognitive approaches, 2015, Wiley, Malden, MA.
  • Hartwig, M., Methods in deception detection research. Rosenfeld, B., Penrod, S.D., (eds.) Research methods in forensic psychology, 2011, Wiley,...
  • Hartwig, M. (2014, noviembre 26). Telling lies: Fact, fiction, and nonsense [Web log post]. Recuperado de https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/living-single/201411/telling-lies-fact-fiction-and-nonsense-maria-hartwig.
  • Hartwig, M., Bond, C.F. Jr., Why do lie-catchers fail? A lens model meta-analysis of human lie judgments. Psychological Bulletin 137 (2011),...
  • Hartwig, M., Bond, C.F. Jr., Lie detection from multiple cues: A meta-analysis. Applied Cognitive Psychology 28 (2014), 661–676, 10.1002/acp.3052.
  • Ibabe, I., Memorias recobradas y falsas memorias. Garrido, E., Masip, J., Herrero, C., (eds.) Psicología jurídica, 2006, Pearson, Madrid,...
  • Isaacowitz, D., Charles, S., Carstensen, L.L., Emotion and cognition. Craik, G., Salthouse, T., (eds.) Handbook of aging and cognition, 2ª...
  • Isen, A.M., Some ways in which positive affect influences decision making and problem solving. Lewis, M., Haviland-Jones, J.M., Feldman Barrett,...
  • Kassin, S.M., On the psychology of confessions. Does innocence put innocents at risk?. American Psychologist 60 (2005), 215–228, 10.1037/0003-066X.60.3.215.
  • Kassin, S.M., Norwick, R.J., Why suspects waive their Miranda rights: The power of innocence. Law and Human Behavior 28 (2004), 211–221 doi:...
  • Kelley, C.M., Forgetting. Perfect, T.J., Lindsay, D.S., (eds.) The SAGE handbook of applied memory, 2014, Sage, Thusand Oaks, CA, 127–144.
  • Köhnken, G., Statement validity analysis and the “detection of truth”. Granhag, P.-A., Strömwall, L.A., (eds.) The detection of deception...
  • Köhnken, G., Manzanero, A.L., Scott, M.T., Análisis de la Validez de las Declaraciones: Mitos y limitaciones. Anuario de Psicología Jurídica...
  • Lancaster, G.L., Vrij, A., Hope, L., Waller, B., Sorting the liars from the truth tellers: The benefits of asking unanticipated questions...
  • Leal, S., Vrij, A., Warmelink, L., Vernham, Z., Fisher, R., You cannot hide your telephone lies: Providing a model statement as an aid to...
  • Lerner, M.J., The belief in a just world: A fundamental delusion. 1980, Plenum Press, Nueva York, NY.
  • Lifshitz, H., Kilberg, E., Vakil, E., Working memory studies among individuals with intellectual disability: An integrative research review....
  • Loftus, E.F., The reality of repressed memories. American Psychologist 48 (1993), 518–537, 10.1037/0003-066X.48.5.518.
  • Manzanero, A.L., Psicología del testimonio. Una aplicación de los estudios sobre la memoria. 2008, Pirámide, Madrid.
  • Manzanero, A.L., Hitos en la historia de la psicología del testimonio en la escena internacional. Boletín de Psicología 100 (2010), 89–104.
  • Manzanero, A.L., Memoria de testigos: Obtención y valoración de la prueba testifical. 2010, Pirámide, Madrid, España.
  • Manzanero, A.L., Alemany, A., Recio, M., Vallet, R., Aróztegui, J., Evaluating the credibility of statements given by persons with intelectual...
  • Masip, J., Alonso, H., Herrero, C., Verdades, mentiras y su detección a partir del comportamiento no-verbal. Garrido, E., Masip, J., Herrero,...
  • Masip, J., Blandón-Gitlin, I., Martínez, C., Herrero, C., Ibabe, I., Strategic interviewing to detect deception: Cues to deception across...
  • Masip, J., Blandón-Gitlin, I., de la Riva, C., Herrero, C., An empirical test of the decision to lie component of the Activation-Decision-Construction-Action...
  • Masip, J., Garrido, E., La evaluación de la credibilidad del testimonio en contextos judiciales a partir de indicadores conductuales. Anuario...
  • Masip, J., Garrido, E., Herrero, C., Defining deception. Anales de Psicología/Annals of Psychology 20 (2004), 147–171.
  • Masip, J., Herrero, C., “What would you say if you were guilty?” Suspects’ strategies during a hypothetical Behavior Analysis Interview concerning...
  • Masip, J., Herrero C., Nuevas aproximaciones en detección de mentiras I. Antecedentes y marco teórico. Papeles del Psicólogo 36 (2015), 83–95.
  • Masip, J., Herrero, C., Nuevas aproximaciones en detección de mentiras II. Estrategias activas de entrevista e información contextual. Papeles...
  • Masip, J., Martínez, C., Blandón-Gitlin, I., Herrero, C. e Ibabe, I. (2016, julio). Strategic interviewing to detect deception: Training human...
  • Murphy, M.C., Steele, C.M., Gross, J.J., Signaling threat: How situational cues affect women in math, science, and engineering settings. Psychological...
  • Najdowski, C.J., Stereotype threat in criminal interrogations: Why innocent Black suspects are at risk for confessing falsely. Psychology,...
  • Peled, M., Iarocci, G., Connolly, D.A., Eyewitness testimony and perceived credibility of youth with intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual...
  • Pérez, S., La prohibición de mentir. Espiral. Estudios sobre Estado y Sociedad 2:6 (1996), 21–44.
  • Rochester, S.R., The significance of pauses in spontaneous speech. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 2 (1973), 51–81, 10.1007/BF01067111.
  • Schacter, D.L., The seven sins of memory. 2001, Houghton Mifflin, Boston, MA.
  • Schank, R.C., Abelson, R.P., Scripts, plans, goals, and understanding: An inquiry into human knowledge structures. 1977, Psychology Press,...
  • Schmader, T., Johns, M., Forbes, C., An integrated process model of stereotype threat effects on performance. Psychological Review 115 (2008),...
  • Scoboria, A., Wade, K.A., Lindsay, D.S., Azad, T., Strange, D., Ost, J., Hyman, I.E., A mega-analysis of memory reports from eight peer-reviewed...
  • Sporer, S.L., Reality monitoring and the detection of deception. Granhag, P.-A., Strömwall, L.A., (eds.) The detection of deception in forensic...
  • Sporer, S.L., Lessons from the origins of eyewitness testimony research in Europe. Applied Cognitive Psychology 22 (2008), 737–757, 10.1002/acp.1479.
  • Sporer, S.L., Deception and cognitive load: Expanding our horizon with a working memory model. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 2016, 420, 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00420.
  • Sporer, S.L., Schwandt, B., Paraverbal correlates of deception: A meta-analytic synthesis. Applied Cognitive Psychology 20 (2006), 421–446,...
  • Sporer, S.L., Schwandt, B., Moderators of nonverbal indicators of deception: A meta-analytic synthesis. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law...
  • Steele, C.M., Aronson, J., Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans. Journal of Personality and Social...
  • Trovillo, P.V., A history of lie detection. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 29 (1939), 848–881.
  • Volbert, R., Steller, M., Is this testimony truthful, fabricated, or based on false memory? Credibility assessment 25 years after Steller...
  • Vrij, A., Detecting lies and deceit: Pitfalls and opportunities. 2008, Wiley, Chichester, Reino Unido.
  • Vrij, A., Fisher, R., Blank, H., A cognitive approach to lie detection: A meta-analysis. Legal and Criminological Psychology 22 (2017), 1–21,...
  • Vrij, A., Fisher, R., Blank, H., Leal, S., Mann, S., A cognitive approach to elicit verbal and nonverbal cues to deceit. Van Prooijen, J.W.,...
  • Vrij, A., Fisher, R., Mann, S., Leal, S., A cognitive load approach to lie detection. Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling...
  • Vrij, A., Granhag, P.-A., Porter, S., Pitfalls and opportunities in nonverbal and verbal lie detection. Psychological Science in the Public...
  • Vrij, A., Leal, S., Mann, S.A., Fisher, R.P., Imposing cognitive load to elicit cues to deceit: Inducing the reverse order technique naturally....
  • Vrij, A., Mann, S.A., Fisher, R.P., Leal, S., Milne, R., Bull, R., Increasing cognitive load to facilitate lie detection: The benefit of recalling...
  • Vrij, A., Mann, S.A., Leal, S., Fisher, R.P., “Look into my eyes”: Can an instruction to maintain eye contact facilitate lie detection?. Psychology,...
  • Walczyk, J.J., Griffith, D.A., Yates, R., Visconte, S., Simoneaux, B., Eye movements and other cognitive cues to rehearsed and unrehearsed...
  • Walczyk, J.J., Griffith, D.A., Yates, R., Visconte, S.R., Simoneaux, B., Harris, L.L., Lie detection by inducing cognitive load. Eye movements...
  • Walczyk, J.J., Harris, L.L., Duck, T.K., Mulay, F., A social-cognitive framework for understanding serious lies: Activation-Decision-Construction-Action...
  • Walczyk, J.J., Igou, F.P., Dixon, A.P., Tcholakian, T., Advancing lie detection by inducing cognitive load on liars: A review of relevant...
  • Walczyk, J.J., Mahoney, K.T., Doverspike, D., Griffith-Ross, D.A., Cognitive lie detection: Response time and consistency of answers as cues...
  • Walczyk, J.J., Roper, K.S., Seemann, E., Humphrey, A.M., Cognitive mechanisms underlying lying to questions: Response time as a cue to deception....
  • Walczyk, J.J., Schwartz, J.P., Clifton, R., Adams, B., Wei, M., Zha, P., Lying person to person about life events: A cognitive framework for...
  • Walczyk, J.J., Tcholakian, T., Newman, D.N., Duck, T., Impromptu decisions to deceive. Applied Cognitive Psychology 30 (2016), 934–945, 10.1002/acp.3282.
  • Wright Whelan, C., Wagstaff, G.F., Wheatcroft, J.M., High-stakes lies: Verbal and nonverbal cues to deception in public appeals for help with...
  • Zuckerman, M., DePaulo, B.M., Rosenthal, R., Verbal and nonverbal communication of deception. Berkowitz, L., (eds.) Advances in experimental...