Acceso usuarios
César Armando Rey Anacona, Lizzet Cristina Paitán Ávila, Zulma Lorena Monguí Merchán
El objetivo del estudio que se informa fue comparar un grupo de adolescentes de ambos sexos que cumplían los criterios diagnósticos de trastorno disocial (TD), entre sí y con respecto a un grupo de adolescentes de ambos sexos sin TD, en un conjunto de variables neuropsicológicas, biográficas, psicológicas / conductuales, familiares y comunitarias. Asimismo, se comparó la frecuencia general y específica de las conductas disociales reportadas por los participantes con TD. Todos los participantes tenían entre 11 y 18 años de edad. Los adolescentes con TD (60 varones y 11 mujeres) fueron seleccionados en tres instituciones reeducativas de libertad vigilada, mientras que los adolescentes sin TD (74 varones y 25 mujeres), en un centro de capacitación laboral para adolescentes de escasos recursos. Las mujeres con TD reportaron castigos físicos severos más frecuentemente que los varones con TD, aunque a una edad mayor que éstos, presentando mayores puntuaciones en Neuroticismo y menores en Retroalimentación personal, así como una frecuencia mayor de conductas disociales. Las comparaciones por sexo revelaron que tanto los varones como las mujeres con TD, comparados con los adolescentes sin TD, presentaron puntuaciones más altas en Extroversión y un mayor consumo de sustancias psicoactivas, cambios y expulsiones escolares, escapadas del hogar, pensamientos suicidas y una menor edad de consumo de marihuana. Sin embargo, las mujeres con TD evidenciaron puntuaciones mayores en Machismo y menores en Empatía, Fluidez fonémica y Retroalimentación personal. Estos resultados sugieren más dificultades entre las adolescentes con TD que deberían considerarse en la evaluación y el tratamiento.
Gender differences in risk behaviors for health, risk factors and symptoms of conduct disorder (CD) have not been sufficiently investigated, although knowledge of these differences help define more effective strategies for assessment, prevention and treatment. The aim of this study was to compare a group of male and female adolescents who met the diagnostic criteria of CD, among themselves and with respect to a group of male and female adolescents without CD, on a set of neuropsychological, biographical, psychological / behavioral, family and community variables identified in the specialized literature. Also, the general and specific frequency of antisocial behavior was compared between participants with CD. All participants were between 11 and 18 years old, with a mean of 16 years, and living in low socioeconomic neighborhoods. Adolescents with CD, 60 males and 11 females, were selected in three re-educational institutions of probation, while adolescents without CD, 74 males and 25 females, were selected in a job training center for low-income teenagers. The two groups did not differ significantly in age, sex and socioeconomic status. The instruments used were: Color-word Test (Golden, 1994), Neuropsychological Assessment of Children (Matute, Rosselli, Ardila, & Ostrosky-Solís, 2007), Self-Report Questionnaire of Partner Violence Incidents (Rey-Anacona, 2008), Spanish Version of Dyadic Adjustment Scale (Echeburúa & de Corral, 1998), Depression Inventory (Beck, Rush, Shaw, & Emery, 1983), Masculinity and Femininity Inven tory (Lara, 1993), Scale of Empathy (Martorell, González& Calvo, 1998), Eysenck Personality Inventory (Eysenck, H. J. & Eysenck, S. G. B., 1984), Questionnaire of Child and Adolescent Self-Control (Capafons & Silva, 2001), Brief Questionnaire for Diagnosing Attention Deficit (Pineda et al., 1999) and two questionnaires developed in the research, reviewed by judges on methodology and content. An observational, descriptive, comparative, cross-sectional design was used, involving both adolescents and their mothers, implemented the following statistical tests: (a) t-test for two independent samples and effect size (Cohen's d) for interval and ratio variables, (b) Mann Whitney Ufor ordinal variables, and (c) Ji Square and Odds Ratio for nominal variables. Women with CD reported severe physical punishment more frequently than men with CD, although at an older age, and they showed higher scores on Neuroticism, and lower on Personal Feedback, as well as a higher frequency of antisocial behaviors, both aggressive and covert, and difficulties at work as a result of such conducts. Comparisons by sex revealed both men and women with CD, compared to adolescents without CD, had higher scores on Extraversion, and increased consumption of psychoactive substances, school changes and expulsions, runaways, suicidal thoughts and younger of marijuana. However, women with CD showed higher scores on Machismo, and minor in Empathy, Personal Feedback, and Phonemic Fluency than women without CD, while the mothers of men with CD reported most frequently gangs in their place of residence. These results suggest that women with CD may have a higher frequency of antisocial behaviors and antisocial profiles similar or more severe than male adolescents with CD, and both males and females have a high frequency of conditions and behaviors that undermine their physical and mental health, which may worsen prognosis, aspects that should be considered in the evaluation and treatment. They also suggest that greater importance should be provided to treatment alternatives that minimize the effect of multiple risk behaviors for physical and mental health that demonstrate these adolescents.
