The foundations of human cooperation in teaching and imitation

• Kevin N. Laland ^[1]
  1. [1] University of St Andrews

     University of St Andrews

     Reino Unido

     
• Localización: The Spanish Journal of Psychology, ISSN 1138-7416, Vol. 19, 2016
• Idioma: inglés
• DOI: 10.1017/sjp.2016.101
• Enlaces
  • Texto completo
• Resumen

  • Humans exhibit extensive large-scale cooperation, of a form unprecedented in the natural world. Here I suggest that this cooperation arises in our species alone because of our uniquely potent capacities for social learning, imitation and teaching, combined with the co-evolutionary feedbacks that these capabilities have generated on the human mind. Culture took human populations down evolutionary pathways not available to non-cultural species, either by creating conditions that promoted established cooperative mechanisms, such as indirect reciprocity and mutualism, or by generating novel cooperative mechanisms not seen in other taxa, such as cultural group selection. In the process, gene-culture co-evolution seemingly generated an evolved psychology, comprising an enhanced ability and motivation to learn, teach, communicate through language, imitate and emulate, as well as predispositions to docility, social tolerance, and the sharing of goals, intentions and attention. This evolved psychology is entirely different from that observed in any other animal, or that could have evolved through conventional selection on genes alone.

• Referencias bibliográficas
  • Alexander R. D. (1987). The biology of moral systems. New York, NY: Aldine de Gruyter.
  • Bell A. V., Richerson P. J., & McElreath R. (2009). Culture rather than genes provides greater scope for the evolution of large-scale...
  • Boyd R., & Richerson P. J. (1985). Culture and the evolutionary process. Chicago, IL: Chicago University Press.
  • Boyd R., & Richerson P. J. (1992). Punishment allows the evolution of cooperation (or anything else) in sizable groups. Ethology and Sociobiology,...
  • Brosnan S. F., Wilson B. J., & Beran M. J. (2012). Old world monkeys are more like humans than New World monkeys when playing a coordination...
  • Byrne R. W. (1994). The evolution of intelligence. In P. J. B. Slater & T. R. Halliday (Eds.), Behaviour and evolution (pp. 223–265)....
  • Call J., & Tomasello M. (1998). Distinguishing intentional from accidental actions in orangutans Pongo pygmaeus, chimpanzees (Pan-troglodytes)...
  • Call J., & Tomasello M. (2008). Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind? 30 years later. Trends in Cognitive Science, 12, 187–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2008.02.010
  • Call J., Hare B., Carpenter M., & Tomasello M. (2004). ‘Unwilling’ versus ‘unable’: Chimpanzees’ understanding of human intentional action....
  • Caro T. M., & Hauser M. D. (1992). Is there teaching in nonhuman animals? The Quarterly Review of Biology, 67, 151–174. https://doi.org/10.1086/417553
  • Castro L., & Toro M. A. (2004). The evolution of culture: From primate social learning to human culture. Proceeding of the National Academic...
  • Carpenter M., Uebel J., & Tomasello M. (2013). Being mimicked increases prosocial behaviour in 18month-old infants. Child Development...
  • Chartrand T. L., & Bargh J. A. (1999). The chameleon effect: The perception-behavior link and social interaction. Journal of Personality...
  • Chartrand T. L., & van Baaren R. (2009). Human mimicry. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 41, 219–274.
  • Chudek M., & Henrich J. (2011). Culture-gene coevolution, norm psychology and the emergence of human prosociality. Trends in Cognitive...
  • Cooper R. W. (1999). Coordination games: Complementarities and macroeconomics. Cambridge, NY: Cambridge University Press.
  • Csibra G. (2010). Recognizing communicative intentions in infancy. Mind & Language, 25, 141–168. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1468-0017.2009.01384.x
  • Fehr E., & Fischbacher U. (2003). The nature of human altruism. Nature 425, 785–791. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02043
  • Fehr E., & Gachter S. (2002). Altruistic punishment in humans. Nature 415, 137–140. https://doi.org/10.1038/415137a
  • Fogarty L., Strimling P., & Laland K. N. (2011). The evolution of teaching. Evolution, 65, 2760–2770. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01370.x
  • Gergely G., & Csibra G. (2005). The social construction of the cultural mind: Imitative learning as a mechanism of human pedagogy. Interaction...
  • Gergely G., Egyed K., & Király I. (2007). On pedagogy. Developmental Science, 10, 139–146. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2007.00576.x
  • Gintis H. (2003). The hitchhiker’s guide to altruism: Geneculture coevolution, and the internalization of norms. Journal of Theoretical Biology,...
  • Haun D. B. M., Rekers Y., & Tomasello M. (2012). Majoritybiased transmission in chimpanzees and human children, but not orangutans. Current...
  • Henrich J. (2004a). Demography and cultural evolution: Why adaptive cultural processes produced maladaptive losses in Tasmania. American Antiquity,...
  • Henrich J. (2004b). Cultural group selection, coevolutionary processes and large-scale cooperation. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization,...
  • Henrich J. (2015). The secret of our success. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Henrich J., & Boyd R. (1998). The evolution of conformist transmission and between-group differences. Evolution and Human Behavior, 19,...
  • Herrman P. A., Legare C. H., Harris P. L., & Whitehouse H. (2013). Stick to the script: The effect of witnessing multiple actors on children’s...
  • Heyes C. M. (2005). Imitation by association. In S. Hurley & N. Chater (Eds.), Perspectives on imitation: From mirror neurons to memes...
  • Heyes C. M. (2012). What can imitation do for cooperation? In B. Calcott, R. Joyce, & K. Sterelny (Eds.), Signalling, commitment &...
  • Hill K. R., Walker R. S., Božičević M., Eder J., Headland T., Hewllett B., … Wood B. (2011). Co-residence patterns in hunter-gatherer societies...
  • Hoppitt W., & Laland K. N. (2008). Social processes influencing learning in animals: A review of the evidence. Advances in the Study of...
  • Hoppitt W., & Laland K. N. (2011). Detecting social learning using networks: A user’s guide. American Journal of Primatology, 73, 834–844....
  • Kinzler K. D., Shutts K., DeJesus J., & Spelke E. S. (2009). Accent trumps race in guiding children’s social preferences. Social Cognition,...
  • Kline M. A., Boyd R., & Henrich J. (2013). Teaching and the life history of cultural transmission in Fijian villages. Human Nature, 24,...
  • Laland K. N. (2017). Darwin’s unfinished symphony: How culture made the human mind. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Laland K. N., & Bateson P. P. G. (2001). The mechanisms of imitation. Cybernetics & Systems, 32, 195–224.
  • Laland K. N., Odling-Smee J., & Myles S. (2010). How culture shaped the human genome: Bringing genetics and the human sciences together....
  • Likowski, et al. in Heyes C 2012. What can imitation do for cooperation? In B. Calcott, R. Joyce, & K. Sterelny (Eds.), Signalling, commitment...
  • Marino L. (2006). Absolute brain size: Did we throw the baby out with the bathwater? Proceeding of the National Academic of Science, 103,...
  • Morgan T. J. H., Rendell L. E., Ehn M., Hoppitt W., & Laland K. N. (2012). The evolutionary basis of human social learning. Proceedings...
  • Nicol C. J., & Pope S. J. (1996). The maternal feeding display of domestic hens is sensitive to perceived chick error. Animal Behaviour,...
  • Nowak M., & Highfield R. (2011). Super-cooperators: The mathematics of evolution, altruism and human behaviour or why we need each other...
  • Nowak M. A., & Sigmund K. (1998). Evolution of indirect reciprocity by image scoring. Nature, 393, 573–577. https://doi.org/10.1038/31225
  • Pawlby S. J. (1977). Imitative interaction. In H. Scaffer (Ed.), Studies in mother-infant interaction (pp. 203–224). New York, NY: Academic.
  • Richerson P. J., & Boyd R. (1998). The evolution of human ultrasociality. In I. Eibl-Eibesfeldt & F. K. Salter (Eds.), Indoctrinability,...
  • Richerson P. J., & Boyd R. (2005). Not by genes alone: How culture transformed human evolution. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  • Richerson P. J., & Henrich J. (2012). Tribal social instincts and the cultural evolution of institutions to solve collective action problems....
  • Richerson P., Baldini R., Bell A. V., Demps K., Frost K., Hillis V., … Zefferman M. (2014). Cultural group selection plays an essential role...
  • Ridley M. (2011). The rational optimist. New York, NY: HarperCollins.
  • Rose M. R., & Lauder G. V. (1996). Adaptation. San Diego, CA: Academic.
  • Somel M., Rohlfs R., & Liu X. (2014). Transcriptomic insights into human brain evolution: Acceleration, neutrality, heterochrony. Current...
  • Stel M., Blascovich J., McCall C., Mastop J., Van Baaren R. B., & Vonk R. (2010). Mimicking disliked others: Effects of a priori liking...
  • Sterelny K. (2012). The evolved apprentice. Cambridge, MA: MIT.
  • Striedter G. F. (2005). Principles of brain evolution. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer.
  • Tanner R. J., Ferraro R., Chartrand T. L., Bettman J. R., & van Baaren R. (2008). Of chameleons and consumption: The impact of mimicry...
  • Tarr B., Launay J., & Dunbar R. I. M. (2014). Music and social bonding: ‘Self-other’ merging and neuorhormonal mechanisms. Frontiers in...
  • Tennie C., Call J., & Tomasello M. (2009). Ratcheting up the ratchet: On the evolution of cumulative culture. Philosophical Transactions...
  • Thornton A., & McAuliffe K. (2006). Teaching in wild meerkats. Science, 313, 227–229. https://doi.org/10.1126/ science.1128727
  • Tomasello M. (1999). The cultural origins of human cognition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Tomasello M. (2008). Origins of human communication. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Tomasello M. (2010). Human culture in evolutionary perspective. In M. J. Gelfand, C. Chui, & Y. Hong (Eds.), Advances in culture and psychology....
  • Tomasello M., Hare B., Lehmann H., & Call J. (2007). Reliance on head versus eyes in the gaze following of great apes and human infants:...
  • Trivers R. L. (1971). The evolution of reciprocal altruism. The Quarterly Review of Biology, 46, 35–57. https://doi. org/10.1086/406755
  • Van Baaren R. B., Holland R. W., Kawakami K., & van Knippenberg A. (2004). Mimicry and prosocial behavior. Psychological Science, 15,...
  • Van Baaren R., Janssen L., Chartrand T. L., & Dijksterhuis A. (2009). Where is the love? The social aspects of mimicry. Philosophical...
  • Van Schaik C. P., & Burkart J. M. (2011). Social learning and evolution: The cultural intelligence hypothesis.
  • Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Societ B, 366, 1008–1016. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0304
  • Van Swol L. M. (2003). The effects of nonverbal mirroring on perceived persuasiveness, agreement with an imitator, and reciprocity in a group...
  • Wen N., Herrman P. A., & Legare C. H. (2016). Ritual increases children’s affiliation with in-group members. Evolution and Human Behaviour,...
  • West S. A., Griffin A. S., & Gardner A. (2007). Social semantics: Altruism, cooperation, mutualism, strong reciprocity and group selection....
  • West S. A., El Mouden C., & Gardner A. (2011). Sixteen common misconceptions about the evolution of cooperation in humans. Evolution and...
  • Yabar Y., Johnston L., Miles L., & Peace V. (2006). Implicit behavioral mimicry: Investigating the impact of group membership. Journal...