Intergroup anxiety, cultural sensitivity and socio-cultural diverse leaders’ effectiveness

• Autores: María Laura Lupano Perugini, Alejandro Castro Solano
• Localización: International Journal of Psychological Research, ISSN 2011-2084, ISSN-e 2011-2084, Vol. 8, Nº. 1, 2015, págs. 36-45
• Idioma: inglés
• DOI: 10.21500/20112084.643
• Títulos paralelos:
  • Ansiedad intergrupal, sensibilidad cultural y efectividad de líderes socioculturalmente diversos
• Enlaces
  • Texto completo (pdf)
• Resumen
  • español

    Se propuso analizar diferencias en el nivel de percepción –de sujetos de población general- respecto de la efectividad de líderes con características socioculturales diversas (género, orientación sexual, afiliación religiosa, nacionalidad) así como comprobar, mediante ecuaciones estructurales, influencia de la ansiedad intergrupal y la sensibilidad cultural sobre el nivel de percepción de efectividad. Participantes: 481 sujetos adultos argentinos (52.8% mujeres, 47.2% varones; promedio de edad = 35.45 años). Instrumentos: Escala de ansiedad intergrupal, Escala de sensibilidad cultural, Protocolo diseñado ad hoc para evaluar nivel de percepción de efectividad de líderes socioculturalmente diversos. Resultados obtenidos: no se pudo confirmar diferencias en el nivel de percepción de efectividad según características socioculturales. Sin embargo, se confirmó efecto directo de la sensibilidad cultural, e indirecto de la ansiedad intergrupal, sobre los niveles de percepción de efectividad. Este trabajo contribuye al estudio sobre prejuicios en relación al liderazgo.

  • English

    This intended to analyze differences in the level of perception –of general population participants- in regards to leaders with diverse socio-cultural characteristics (gender, sexual orientation, religious affiliation, nationality) and also verify by means of structural equations, the influence of intergroup anxiety and the cultural sensitivity in terms of the level of effectiveness perception. Participants: 481 adults from Argentina (52.8% female, 47.2% male; age average = 35.45 years old). Instruments: Intergroup Anxiety scale, Cultural Sensitivity scale, and an ad hoc protocol designed to assess level of effectiveness perception in socio-culturally diverse leaders. Results: Differences in the level of perception of effectiveness according to sociocultural characteristics could not be confirmed. However, a direct effect of cultural sensitivity and an indirect effect of intergroup anxiety on the levels of effectiveness perception were confirmed. This work contributes to previous studies on prejudice and leadership.

• Referencias bibliográficas
  • Ayman, R., & Korabik, K. (2010). Leadership: Why gender and culture matter. American Psychologist, 65, 157–170.
  • Bennett, J.M. & Bennett, M.J. (2004). Developing intercultural Sensitivity: An Integrative Approach to Global and domestic Diversity....
  • Bertrand, M., & Mullainathan, S. (2004). Are Emily and Greg more employable than Lakisha and Jamal? A field experiment on labor market...
  • Berry, J. W. (2006). Mutual attitudes among immigrants and ethnocultural groups in Canada. International of Journal of Intercultural Relations,...
  • Byrne, B. M. (2001). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Carr, S. C. (2011). A Global Community Psychology of Mobility. Psychosocial Intervention, 20, 319-325. DOI:10.5093/in2011v20n3a8
  • Casas X. (2010). Hay más jefas pero pocas llegan a ser CEO. Recuperado el 21 de marzo de 2011 de http://www.iae.edu.ar/iaehoy/Documents/NG_20100308_Cronista_Debeljuh_MujeresLideres.pdf
  • Castro Solano, A. (2009). La evaluación de la sensibilidad cultural. Un estudio preliminar con estudiantes extranjeros. Acta Psiquiátrica...
  • Castro Solano, A. (2011). Estrategias de aculturación y adaptación psicológica y sociocultural de estudiantes extranjeros en la argentina....
  • Castro Solano, A. (2011). La evaluación de las competencias culturales de los líderes mediante el Inventario de Adaptación Cultural. Anales...
  • Castro Solano, A. (2013). Predictores de las relaciones interculturales con estudiantes universitarios extranjeros. Acta Psiquiátrica y
  • R E S E A R C H
  • INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH Intergroup anxiety in diverse leaders’
  • Lupano and Castro (2014)
  • int.j.psychol.res. 8 (1) PP. 36 - 45
  • Psicológica de América Latina, 59 (2), 104-113.
  • Castro Solano A., Becerra L. & Lupano Perugini, M.L. (2007). Prototipos de liderazgo en población civil y militar. Interdisciplinaria,...
  • Cuadrado, I. Navas, M. & Molero, F. (2006). Mujeres y Liderazgo. Claves Psicosociales del Techo de Cristal. Madrid: Sanz y Torres.
  • Chin, J. L. (2009). Diversity in mind and in action. Westport, CT: Praeger.
  • Chin J.L. (2010). Introduction to the Special Issue on Diversity and Leadership. American Psychologist, 65(3), 150-156.
  • Chin, J. L. (2013). Introduction: Special section on Asian American leadership. Asian American Journal of Psychology, 4 (4), 235–239. DOI:...
  • Chin, J.L. & Sánchez-Hucles, J. (2007). Diversity and leadership. American Psychologist, 62(6), 608-609.
  • Chrobot-Mason, D., Ruderman, M.N. & Nishii, L.H. (2013). Leadership in a diverse workplace. In: R. M. Quinetta (Ed), The Oxford handbook...
  • Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112(1), 155-159. DOI:10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.155.
  • Cox,T.(1993). Cultural diversity in organizations. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler.
  • Den Hartog, D. N., & Dickson, W. (2004). Leadership and culture. In J. Antonakis, A. T. Cianciolo, & R. J. Sternberg (Eds.), The nature...
  • Dezsö, C. L. & Ross, D. G. (2012). Does female representation in top management improve firm performance? A panel data investigation....
  • Dixon, J., & Rosenbaum, M. (2004). Nice to know you? Testing contact, cultural, and group threat theories of anti-Black and anti-Hispanic...
  • Duckitt, J., Callaghan, J., & Wagner, C. (2005). Group identification and outgroup attitudes in four South African ethnic groups: A multidimensional...
  • Eagly, A.H. & Carli L.L. (2007). Through the labyrinth. The truth about how women become leaders. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
  • Eagly, A.H. & Chin, J.L. (2010). Are memberships in Race, Ethnicity, and Gender categories merely surface characteristics? American Psychologist,...
  • Eagly, A. H. & Karau, S. J. (2002). Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders. Psychological Review, 109, 573- 598.
  • Eagly, A. H., & Diekman, A. B. (2005). What is the problem? Prejudice as an attitude-in-context. In J. F. Dovidio, P. Glick, & L....
  • Fassinger, R. E., Shullman, S. L., & Stevenson, M. R. (2010). Toward an affirmative lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender leadership...
  • Fiske, S.T. & Lee, T.L. (2008). Stereotypes and prejudice create workplace discrimination. In P. Brief (Ed.), Diversity at work (pp 13-54)....
  • Fowers, B. & Davidov, B. (2006). The virtue of multiculturalism. Personal transformation, character and openness to the other. American...
  • Gaertner, S. L., & Dovidio, J. F. (1986). The aversive form of racism. In J. F. Dovidio & S. L. Gaertner (Eds.), Prejudice, discrimination,...
  • García-Cueto, E., Gallo, P. & Miranda, R. (1998). Bondad de ajuste en el análisis factorial confirmatorio. Psicothema, 10, 717-724.
  • Hammer, M., Bennett, M. & Wiseman, R. (2003). Measuring intercultural sensitivity: the intercultural development inventory. International...
  • Hodson, G., Dovidio, J. F., & Gaertner, S. L. (2004). The aversive form of racism. In J. L. Chin (Ed.), The psychology of prejudice and...
  • Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives....
  • Karahanna,E.-Evaristo,J.R.-Srite,M.(2005): Levels of culture and individual behavior: An integrative persepctive. Journal of Global Information...
  • Katz, I. (1981). Stigma: A social psychological analysis. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
  • Kawahara, D. M., Pal, M., & Chin, J. L. (2013). The leadership experiences of Asian Americans. Asian American Journal of Psychology. Advance...
  • R E S E A R C H
  • INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH Intergroup anxiety in diverse leaders’
  • Lupano and Castro (2014)
  • int.j.psychol.res. 8 (1) PP. 36 - 45
  • Klein, K. M., & Wang, M. (2010). Deep-level diversity and leadership. American Psychologist, 65, 932–933. DOI:10.1037/a0021355
  • Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford
  • Latinobarómetro (2008). Oportunidades de Integración Regional II. Recuperado de http://www.latinobarometro.org/docs/OportunidadesDeIntegracionIICAFLimaPeru_Abril_16_2008.pdf
  • Latinobarómetro (2011). Informe 2011. Recuperado de http://www.infoamerica.org/primera/lb_2011.pdf
  • Lord, R. G., Brown, D. J., Harvey, J. L., & Hall, R. J. (2001). Contextual constraints on prototype generation and their multilevel consequences...
  • Lupano Perugini, M. L. (2011). Liderazgo, género y prejuicio. Influencia de los estereotipos de género en la efectividad del liderazgo femenino...
  • Lupano Perugini, M. L. & Castro Solano A. (2008). Liderazgo y género. Identificación de Prototipos de liderazgo efectivo. Perspectivas...
  • Lupano Perugini, M.L. & Castro Solano, A. (2013). Estereotipos de género, sexo del líder y del seguidor: su influencia en las actitudes...
  • Madon, S., Guyll, M., Aboufadel, K., Montiel, E., Smith, A., Palumbo, P., & Jussim, L. (2001). Ethnic and national stereotypes: The Princeton...
  • Malden, MA, Blackwell & Madon, S. (1997). What do people believe about gay males? A study of stereotype content and strength. Sex Roles,...
  • Niemann, Y. F., Jennings, L., Rozelle, R. M., Baxter, J. C., & Sullivan, E. (1994). Use of free responses and cluster analysis to determine...
  • Pérez, E., Medrano, L. A. & Sánchez Rosas, J. (2013). El Path Analysis: conceptos básicos y ejemplos de aplicación. Revista Argentina...
  • Pettigrew, T.F. & Tropp, L. (2000). Does integroups contact reduce prejudice: Recent meta-analytic findings. In: S. Oskamp (Ed.), Reducing...
  • Richard, O., McMillan, A., Chadwick, K., & Dwyer, S. (2003). Employing an innovation strategy in racially diverse workforces. Group &...
  • Rosette, A.S., Leonardelli, G.J. & Phillips, K.W. (2008). The white standard: racial bias in leader categorization. Journal of Applied...
  • Sanchez-Hucles, J. V., & Davis, D. D. (2010). Women and women of color in leadership: Complexity, identity, and ntersectionality. American...
  • Stephan, W. G & Stephan, C. (1985). Intergroup anxiety. Journal of Social Issues, 41, 157-176.
  • Thomas, D.(2008). Cross-cultural management. Essential Concepts. Londres: Sage.
  • U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2009, January). Household data annual averages: Employed persons by detailed occupation, sex, race, and...
  • U.S. Census Bureau. (2010). Statistical abstract of the United States: 2010 (129thed.) Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/
  • Weston, R. & Gore Jr., P. A., (2006). A Brief Guide to Structural Equation Modeling. The Counseling Psychologist, 34; 719-751.
  • Wofford, J., Goodwin, V. L. & Wittington, J. (1998). A field study of a cognitive approach to understanding transformational and transactional...
  • Zweigenhaft, R. L., & Domhoff, G. W. (2006). Diversity in the power elite: How it happened, why it matters. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield