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Some functional approaches to memory postulate that many of memory tasks involve two different processes, one based on familiarity, and another based on a conscious search in memory. The former is thought to be based on the automatic activation of the mental representation of the stimulus, whereas the latter relies on a controlled type of processing requiring cognitive effort and attentional resources. Controlled search processes are assumed to be necessary for retrieving stored information in recall tasks, but only partially responsible for recognition, where familiarity judgments and controlled memory search act jointly at target-item presentation time. These theoretical views have led to the development of three ways to assess separately the two types of processes : The Remember I Knoiv paradigm (Gardiner, 1.988), the process dissociation procedure (PDF) (Jacoby, 1991), and the Recognized-only I Recognized- Recalled procedure (Morton et al., 1993). These theoretical and methodological approaches are discussed ivith regard to experimental results and the interest that they represent for studies of memory functioning.
