Memoria operativa y comprensión lectora: algunas cuestiones básicas

• Autores: Milagros Gárate, Francisco Gutiérrez, María Rosa Elosúa de Juan, Juan Luis Luque Vilaseca, Juan Antonio García Madruga
• Localización: Acción psicológica, ISSN 1578-908X, Vol. 1, Nº. 1, 2002, págs. 45-68
• Idioma: español
• DOI: 10.5944/ap.1.1.541
• Enlaces
  • Texto completo
• Dialnet Métricas: 7 Citas
• Resumen

  • En este trabajo revisamos algunas de las principales cuestiones teóricas que se han planteado en torno al constructo de «memoria operativa » (MO) y a su reconocido papel en la cognición. En este sentido, nos centramos particularmente en la investigación sobre las habilidades de comprensión lectora, donde la MO se viene estudiado como posible fuente de diferencias individuales. Concretamente, nos referimos a tres puntos de especial interés: la existencia de diferencias evolutivas en la MO y su influencia en las diferencias en comprensión lectora; la importancia de la doble función de procesamiento y almacenamiento que usualmente se le atribuye y su papel en las habilidades de comprensión; y, finalmente, la especificidad o generalidad de la MO implicada en la comprensión. En relación con estas cuestiones, repasamos la evidencia empírica disponible, haciendo especial referencia a los resultados obtenidos en nuestros estudios evolutivos, en los que utilizamos diversas medidas de comprensión y memoria operativa.

• Referencias bibliográficas
  • Anderson, , J. R. (1983). The architecture of cognition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Anderson, J. R. Y Bower, G. H. (1973). Human associative memory. Washington, DC: Winston.
  • Atkinson, R. C. y Shiffrin, R. M. (1971). «The contolof short-term memory». Scientific American, 225(2), 82-90.
  • Atkinson, R. C. y Shiffrin, R. M. (1968). «Human memory: A proposed system and its control processes».In K. W. Spence & J....
  • Baddeley, A. D. (1986). Working Memory.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
  • Baddeley, A. D. (1990). Human Memory. Theory andPractice. Hillsdale, NJ. LEA.
  • Baddeley, A. D. (1992). «Is Working memory working? The Fifteenth Bartlett Lecture». The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,...
  • Baddeley, A. D. (1996). «Exploring the central executive». The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 49A,5-28.
  • Baddeley, A. D. (en prensa). «The episodic buffer: a new component of working memory?» Trends ofCognitive Sciences.
  • Baddeley, A. D. y Hitch, G. (1974). «Working Memory». En G.A. Bower (Ed.) The Psychology of Learning and Motivation, vol.8,(pp. 47-90)....
  • Baddeley, A. D. y Hitch, G. (2000). «Developmental of working memory: should the Pascual-Leone and the Baddeley and Hitch models be...
  • Baddeley, A. D., Logie, R., Nimmo-Smith, I. y Brereton, N. (1985). «Components of fluent reading».Journal of Memory and Language,...
  • Baddeley, A.D., Gathercole, S. y Papagno, C. (1998).«The phonological loop as a language learningdevice». Psichological Review, 105,...
  • Baldwin, J. M. (1894). Mental development in thechild and the race.New York: Macmillan.
  • Baumann, J. F. (1986). «Effect of rewriting contentpassages on middle grade students’ comprehen-sion of main ideas: making...
  • Brown, A. L., Bransford, J. D., Ferrrara, R. A. y Cam-pione, J. C. (1983). «Learning, remembering and undertanding». En J. H. Flavell y E....
  • Brown, A. L., Day, J. D. y Jones, R. S. (1983). «The development of plans for summarizing texts».Child Development, 54, 1076-1088.
  • Brown, A. L.y Day, J. D. (1983). «Macrorules for summarizing texts: the development of expertise».Journal of Verbal Learning and...
  • Budd, D., Whitney, P. y Turley, K. (1995). «Individualdifferences in working memory strategies for rea-ding expository text». Memory and...
  • Cantor, J. y Engle, R. W. (1993). «Working-memory capacity as long-term memory activation: anindividual-differences approach»....
  • Cantor, J., Engle, R.W. y Hamilton, G. (1991). «Short-term memory, working memory, and verbal abili-ties: How do they relate». Intelligence,...
  • Carey, S. (1985). «Are children the same type of thinkers and learners as adults?» In S. F. Chipman, D.W.Segal, and R. Glaser (Eds.) Thinking...
  • Carpenter, P. A., Miyake, A. y Just, M. A. (1994). Wor-king memory constraints in comprehension: evidence from individual differences,...
  • Carpenter, P. A. y Just, M. A. (1989). «The role of wor-king memory in language comprehension». EnD. Klahr y K. Kotovsky (Eds.) Complex...
  • Case, R. (1974). «Sructures and strictures, some funtional limitations on the course of cognitive growth». Cognitive Psychology, 6,...
  • Case, R. (1985). Intelectual development: Birth to adulthood. San Diego, C.A.: Academic Press.
  • Case, R., Kurland, D. M. y Goldberg, J. (1982). «Operational efficiency and the growth of short-term memory span». Journal of Experimental...
  • Collins, A. M. y Loftus, E. F. (1975). «A spreading activation theory of semantic processing». Psichological Review, 82, 407-428.
  • Conway, A. R. A. y Engle, R. W. (1996). «Individual differences in working memory capacity: More evidence for a general capacity...
  • Craik, F. I. M. (1977). «Age differences in human memory». En J. E. Birren y K. W. Schaie (Eds. ) Handbook of the Psychology of...
  • Craik, F. I. M. Y Lockart, R. S. (1972). «Levels of processing: a framework for memory research».Journal of Verbal Learning and ...
  • Craik, F. I. M., Morris, R. G. y Gick, M. L. (1990).«Adult ages differences in working memory». En G. Vallar y T. Shallice (Eds....
  • Chase, W. G. y Ericsson, K.A. (1982). «Skill and working memory». En G. H. Bower (Ed. ) The Psychology of Learning and Motivation....
  • Daneman, M. y Carpenter, P. A. (1980). «Individual Differences in working memory and reading». Journal of Verbal Learning ...
  • Daneman, M. y Carpenter, P. A. (1983). «Individual differences in integrating information between and within sentences». Journal...
  • Daneman, M. y Green, I. (1986). «Individual differences in comprehending and producing words in context». Journal of Memory and Language,...
  • Daneman, M. y Tardiff, T. (1987). Working memory and reading skill re-examined. En M. Coltheart (Ed.) Attention and performance,...
  • De Beni, R., Palladino P. y Pazzaglia, F. (1995).«Influenza della memoria di lavoro e delle abilità metacognitive e sintattiche nella...
  • Ehrlich, M. F., Brebion, J. y Tardieu, H. (1994). «Working memory capacity and reading comprehension in young and older adults»....
  • Elosúa, M. R., Garcia Madruga, J. A., Gutierrez, F., Luque, J. L. y Garate, M. (1997).«Un estudio sobre las diferencias ...
  • Elosúa, M. R., Gutierrez, F., Garcia Madruga, J. A., Luque, J. L. y Garate, M. (1996). «Adaptación española del «Reading Span...
  • Engle, R. W. (1996). «Working memory and retrieval: an inhibition-resource approach». En Richardson, J. T. E., Engle, ...
  • Engle, R. W., Cantor, J. y Carullo, J. J. (1992). «Individual Differences in Working Memory and Comprehension: A Test of Four Hypotheses»....
  • Engle, R. W., Kane, M. J. Y Tuholski, S. W. (1999).«Individual differences in working memory capacity and what they tell us about...
  • Engle, R. W., Nations, J. K. y Cantor, J. (1990). «Is working memory capacity just another name for word knowledge?» Journal ...
  • Ericsson, K. A. y Kintsch, W. (1995). «Long-term working memory». Psychological Review, 2,211-245.
  • Ericsson, K. A. y Kintsch, W. (2000). «Shortcomings of generic retrieval structures with slots of the type that Gobet (1993) proposed...
  • Foos, P. W. y Wright, L. (1992). «Adults age differences in the storage of information in working memory». Experimental Aging Research,...
  • Friedman, N. P. y Miyake, A. (2000). «Differences for visuospatial and verbal working memory insituation model construction». Journal...
  • Fry, A. F. y Hale, S. (1996). «Processing speed, working memory, and fluid intelligence: evidence fora developmental cascade». Psychological...
  • Fry, A. F. y Hale, S. (2000). «Relationships among processing speed, working memory, and fluid intelligence in children»....
  • Garcia Madruga, J. A., Elosua, R., Gutierrez, F., Luque, J. L. y Garate, M. (1999). Comprensión lectora y memoria operativa....
  • Garcia Madruga, J. A., Garate, M., Elosua, R., Luque, J. L. Y Gutierrez, F. (1997), «Comprensión lectora y memoria operativa: un estudio...
  • Garcia Madruga, J. A., Martin Cordero, J. I., Luque J.L. y Santamaria, C. (1995). Comprensión y Adquisición de Conocimientos a...
  • Garnham, (1987). Mental Models as Representations of Discourse and Text. Chichester, Sussex: Ellis Horwood Limited.
  • Gathercole, S. (1999). «Cognitive approaches to development of short-term memory. Trends in Cognitive Sciences», (3) 11, 410-419.
  • Gathercole, S. y Baddeley, A. (1993). Working Memory and Language. Hillsdale, NJ . LEA.
  • Glanzer, M., Fischer, B. y Dorfman, D. (1984).«Short-term storage in reading». Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior,...
  • Gobet, F. (1993). «A computer model of chessmemory». Proceedings of the 15thAnnual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society,463-468.
  • Gobet, F. (1997). «A pattern-recognition theory of search in expert problem solving». Thinking and Reasoning, 3, 291-313.
  • Gobet, F. (1998). «Expert memory: a comparison of four theories». Cognition, 66, 115-152.
  • Gobet, F. (2000). «Some shortcomings of long-termworking memory». British Journal of Psychology, 91, 551-570.
  • Guindon, R. y Kintsch, W. (1984). «Priming macro-propositions: evidence for the primacy of macro-propositions in the memory of...
  • Gutierrez, F., Elosua, R., Garate, M., Luque, J. L. y Garcia Madruga J. A. (1994). «Intervención en el procesamiento activo de textos:...
  • Hasher, L. y Zacks, R. T. (1988). «Working memory, comprehension and aging: a review and a newview». En G. H. Bower (Ed.) The...
  • Henry, L. A. y Millar, S. (1991). «Memory span increase with age: A test for two hypotheses». Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 51,459-484.
  • Hitch, G. J. y Towse, J. N. (1995). «Working memory: what develops?» En F. E. Weinert y W. Schneider(Eds. ). Memory Performance and Competencies....
  • Johnson-Laird, P. N. (1983). Mental models. Towardsa Cognitive Science on Language, Inference and Consciousness. Cambridge: Cambridge...
  • Just, M. A. y Carpenter, P. A. (1980). «A Theory of reading: From eye fixation to comprehension». Psychological Review, 87,329-354.
  • Just, M. A. y Carpenter, P. A. (1987). The Psychology of reading and language comprehension. Newton Mass., Allyn and Bacon, Inc.
  • Just, M. A. y Carpenter, P. A. (1992). «A Capacity Theory of Comprehension: Individual Differences in working memory». Psychological Review,...
  • Kail , R y Salthouse, T. A. (1994). «Processing speed as mental capacity». Acta Psychologica, 86, 199-225.
  • Kail, R. (1986). «Sources of Age differences in speed of processing». Child Development, 57, 969-987.
  • Kail, R. (1990). The development of memory in children.(3ª ed.). Nueva York: Freeman.
  • Kail, R. (1992). «Processing speed, speed rate, and memory». Developmental Psychology, 28, 899-904.
  • Kail, R. (1993). «Processing time changes globally atan exponential rate during childhood and adolescence». Psychological Bulletin, 109, ...
  • Kail, R. (1995). «Processing speed, memory and cognition». En F.E. Weinert y W. Schneider (Eds.)
  • Kail, R. y Park, Y. (1994). «Processing time, articulation time and memory span». Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 49, 227-244.
  • Kemps, E., De Rammelaere, S. y Desmet, T. (2000).«The development of working memory: exploring the complementarity of two models»....
  • Kieras, D. E. (1978). «Good and bad structure in simple paragraphs: Effects on apparent theme, reading time, and recall». Journal of...
  • Kieras, D. E. (1980). «Problems of reference in text comprehension». En M. A. Just y P. Carpenter (eds.), Cognitive processes...
  • Kintsch, W. (1988). «The role of knowledge in discourse comprehension: a construction-integration model». Psychological Review,...
  • Kintsch, W. (1993). «Information accretion and reduction in text processing: inferences». Discourse Processes., 16, 193-202.
  • Kintsch, W. (en prensa) «Information accretion and reduction intext processing: inferences». Discourse Processes.
  • Kintsch, W. (1994). «Discourse Processing». En G.d’Ydewalle, P. Eelen, y P. Bertebron (Eds. ) International Perspectives on Psychological...
  • Kintsch, W. (1998). Comprehension: a paradigm for cognition. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Kintsch, W. y Van Dijk, T. A. (1978). «Toward a model of text comprehension and production». Psychological Review, 85, 363-394.
  • Klahr, D. (1980). «Information-Processing models of intellectual development». In R. H. Kluwe and M.Spada (Eds.), Developmental Models of...
  • Lee-Sammons, W. y Whitney, P. (1991). «Reading perspectives and memory for text: An individual differences analysis». Journal of...
  • Lehto, J. (1996). «Are executive function tests dependent on working memory capacity?» The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,...
  • Lindsay, P. H. y Norman, D. A. (1972). Human information processing: An introduction to psychology. New York: Academic Press.
  • Logie, R. H. (1996). «The seven ages of working memory». En Richardson, J. T. E., Engle, R. W., Hasher, L., Logie, R. H., Stoltzfus,...
  • Mandler, J. (1978). «A code in the node: the use of a story schema in retrieval». Discourse Processes.,1, 14-35.
  • Masson, M. E. J. y Miller, J. A. (1983). «Working memory and individual differences in comprehension and memory of text». Journal...
  • Miyake, A y Shah, P. (1999). «Toward unified theories of working memory: Emerging general consensus, unresolved theoretical issues,...
  • Morris, R. G., Gick, M. L. y Craik, F. I. M. (1988).«Processing resources and age differences inworking memory». Memory...
  • Morris, R.G., Craik, F. I. M. y Gick, M. L. (1990). «Age differences in working memory tasks: The role of secondary memory and the central...
  • Newell, A y Simon, H. A. (1972). Human problem solving. Englewod Cliffs, N. J., Prentice Hall.
  • Oakhill, J (1983). «Instantiation in skilled and less-skilled comprehenders». The Quarterly Journal ofExperimental Psychology, 54,...
  • Oakhill, J. (1982). «Constructive processes in skilled and less-skilled comprehenders’ memory for sentences». British Journal of Psychology,...
  • Oakhill, J. (1984). «Inferential and memory skills in children’s comprehension of stories». British Journal of Psychology, 54, 31-39.
  • Oakhill, J., Yuill, N. y Parkin, A. (1986). «On the nature of the difference between skilled and less skilled comprehenders». Journal of Research...
  • Pascual-Leone, J. (1970). «A mathematical model for the transition rule in Piaget’s developmental stages». Acta Psychologica, 63, 301-345.
  • Pascual-Leone, J. (1980). «Constructive problems for constructive theories: the current relevance of Piaget’s work and a critique of...
  • Pascual-Leone, J. (1987). «Organismic processes for neo-piagetian theories: a dialectical causal account of cognitive development». International...
  • Pascual-Leone, J. (2000). «Reflections on working memory: Are the two models complementary?» Journal of Experimental Child Psychology,...
  • Piaget, J. (1926). The language and thought of the child. London: Routledge & Kegan-Paul.
  • Quillian, M. R. (1968). «Semantic memory». En M. Minsky (Ed.), Semantic Information Processing (227-270). Cambridge, MA: MIT...
  • Ribaupierre, A. y Bailleux, C. (2000). «The development of working memory: further note on the comparability of two models ...
  • Ribaupierre, A. y Hitch, G. J. (Eds. ) (1994). The Development of working memory. Hillsdale, NJ. : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Richardson, J. T. E. (1996). «Evolving concepts of working memory». En Richardson, J. T. E., Engle, R. W., Hasher, L., Logie,...
  • Richardson, J. T. E., Engle, R. W., Hasher, L., Logie,R. H., Stoltzfus, E. R. Y Zacks, R. T. (1996). Working Memory and Human Cognition....
  • Rumelhart, D. E. y Norman, D. A. (1983). Representatiom in Memory. (CHIP Technical Report, núm.116). La Holla, CA: University of California,...
  • Sag, I. A. y Hankammer, J. (1984). «Toward a theoryof anaphoric processing». Linguistics and Philosophy, 7, 325-345.
  • Salthouse, T. A. (1990). «Working memory as a processing resource in cognitive aging». Developmental Review, 10, 101-124.
  • Salthouse, T. A. y Babcock, R. (1991). «Decomposing adult age differences in working memory».Developmental Psychology, 27,...
  • Salthouse, T. A. (1996). «The processing-speed theory of adult age differences in working memory».Psychological Review, 103, 403-428.
  • Schneider, W. y Pressley, M. (1989). Memory development between 2 and 20. Nueva York: Springer Verlag.
  • Siegel, L. S. (1994). «Working memory and Reading». International Journal of Behavioral Devlopment, 1, 109-124.
  • Stein, N. L. y Glenn, C. G. (1982). «Children’s concept of time: The development of a story schema». EnW.J. Freedman (Ed.) The developmental...
  • Stein, N.L. y Nezworski, M.T. (1978). «The effect oforganization and instructional set on story memory». Discourse Processes,...
  • Stine, E. A. L. (1990). «On-line processing of writtentext by younger and older adults». Psychologyand Aging, 1, 68-78.
  • Stine, E. A. L. y Hindman, J. (1994), «Age differencesin reading time allocation for propositionally dense sentences». Aging and ...
  • Stine, E. A. L. y Wingfield, A. (1987). «Process andstrategy in memory for speech among youngerand older adults». Psychology...
  • Stine, E. A. L. y Wingfield, A. (1990). «How much d oworking memory deficits contribute to age differences in discourse memory?» European...
  • Stoltzfus, E. R., Hasher, L. y Zacks, R. T. (1996).«Working memory and aging: current status of the inhibitory view». En...
  • Stothard, S. E. y Hulme, C. (1992). «Reading comprehension difficulties in children: The Role of language comprehension and...
  • Swanson, H. L. (1992). «Generality and modifiability of working memory among skilled and less skilled readers». Journal of Educational...
  • Swanson, H. L. (1993). Executive processing in learning-disabled readers. Intelligence, 17, 117-149.
  • Swanson, H. L. (1996). «Individual and age-related differences in children’s working memory». Memory & Cognition, 24, 70-82.
  • Swanson, H. L. (1999). «What develops in working memory? A life span perspective». Developmental Psychology, 35 (4),986-1000.
  • Towse, J. N. y Hitch, G. J. (1995). «Is there a relationship between task demand and storage spacein tests for working memory...
  • Towse, J. N., Hitch, G. J. y Hutton, U. (1998). «A re-evaluation of working memory capacity in children». Journal of Memory and Language,...
  • Turner, M. L. y Engle, R.W. (1989). «Is working-memory capacity task dependent?» Journal of Memory an Language, 28,127-154.
  • Vallar, G. y Shallice, T. (Eds.) (1990).Neuropsychological impairments of short-term memory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Van Dijk, T. A. y Kintsch, W. (1983). Strategies of discourse comprehension. Nueva York: AcademicPress.
  • Verhaeghen, P. y Salthouse, T. A. (1997). «Meta-analysis of age-cognition relations in adulhood: Estimates of linear and...
  • Whitney, P., RitchLie, B. G. y Clark, M. B. (1991).«Working memory capacity and the use of elaborative inferences in text comprehension»....
  • Wingfield, A., Stine, E., Lahar, C. J. y Aberdeen, J.S.(1988). «Does the capacity of working memorychange with age?» Experimental...
  • Wright, R. (1981). «Aging, divided attention, and processing capacity». Journal of Gerontology, 36,605-614.
  • Yuill, N., Oakhill, J. y Parkin, A. (1989). «Working memory, comprehension ability and the resolution of text anormaly». The...
  • Zachs, R. T. y Hasher, L. (1988). «Capacity theoryand the processing of inferences». En L. Light &D. M. Burke (Eds.), Language,...