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When thinking about a task or goal feels difficult, people can interpret this as signaling self-relevant value (difficulty-as-importance) and a reminder to stop wasting time on self-irrelevant things (difficulty-as-impossibility). Identity-based motivation theory predicts that both interpretations are available in memory, vary in momentary accessibility, and shape action in part through activating action-relevant judgments. We note that in situations calling for task engagement, action-relevant judgment entails making sense of time, an abstract concept that people reason about metaphorically. We test this novel prediction that difficulty mindsets shape action in part by shaping how people reason metaphorically about time by examining associations (N = 941) and documenting effects of mindset accessibility (using an autobiographical recall task, N = 1,676) on how much people endorse the time-as-limited and time-as-expandable aspects of the time-as-resource metaphor. Indeed, across experiments, people more strongly endorsed time-as-limited, less strongly endorsed time-as-expandable and saw these aspects of the time-as-resource metaphor as more negatively correlated if randomized to the difficulty-as-impossibility (vs. difficulty-as-importance) recall condition. Supporting our novel prediction, the consequence of accessible difficulty mindsets on task engagement (Experiments 2–3) and performance (Experiments 4–5), confidence in goal progress and experienced time to make progress (the length of the line they drew to represent the semester or year, Experiments 6–7) occurred partly through the effect of accessible mindsets on momentary judgments of time-as-limited and time-as-expandable, as revealed in statistical mediation analyses. In situations requiring task engagement and assessing goal certainty, accessible difficulty mindsets matter in part by momentarily shifting judgments about having time. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved)
