Acceso usuarios
Marcoantonio Villanueva, Eugenia V. Vinet
El contacto intergrupal reduce el prejuicio entre grupos bajo determinadas condiciones y aunque estas son externas al individuo, la evidencia plantea que factores internos, como la personalidad, influyen sobre el contacto intergrupal. El objetivo de este trabajo fue realizar una revisión sistemática de la literatura mediante la metodología PRISMA sobre la relación entre el contacto intergrupal y las variables de personalidad con la finalidad de esclarecer la dinámica entre ambos procesos. Entre los resultados sobresale la evaluación de tres dimensiones del contacto intergrupal: calidad, cantidad y relaciones, que se vinculan con diferentes variables de la personalidad; así, queda en evidencia la influencia de variables individuales en procesos sociales y conductuales. Otro aporte de este trabajo es que sienta las bases para futuros estudios que superen las debilidades presentes a lo largo de los trabajos revisados, por ejemplo, la falta de estudios longitudinales, una medición integradora del CIG, y diseños que establezcan causalidad.
According to the intergroup contact hypothesis postulated by Allport, intergroup contact can reduce prejudice between groups, provided that the following conditions are present:
equality of status, cooperation for a common goal, an opportunity for interaction between group members, and the development of norms that promote contact. Although the conditions described by Allport can be considered external to the individual, evidence suggests that there are internal factors, such as personality, that influence intergroup contact. Personality as an object of study has a long history in the psychological discipline, therefore, multiple paradigms have been developed around its structure, dynamics, and influence on behavior. Nevertheless, it is important to approach the construct of personality with parsimony integrating its different variables. For this reason, the aim of conducting a systematic review of the literature on the relationship between intergroup contact and personality variables, the Integrative Model of Personality proposed by McAdams and Pals was used. In this model, personality is explained through the interaction of three axes: the dispositional signature, which includes decontextualized traits that are usually presented as polarized dimensions and are usually approached through the five-factor model; characteristic adaptations, which refers to processes contextualized in time, place and in the individual's social role, referring to socio-cognitive and developmental motivations, the approach of this dimension is varied, however, in the present study it will be addressed through motivation, intergroup anxiety, empathy, and attitudes; and finally, the third axis is life narratives, which by describing the way people integrate their daily events into life stories, gives meaning and coherence to the reality in which they find themselves, The approach of this dimension in the present study is through identity. This model postulates that the interaction of these axes allows the development of specific behaviors such as intergroup contact. The literature search was carried out following the criteria of the PRISMA declaration. The following academic databases were consulted: Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, Taylor y Francis Online, Springer Link and Dialnet, and a time span of 10 years (from 2011 to 2021) was delimited to select the possible papers to be included in the review. This search identified 175 papers, which after purification based on PRISMA criteria, was reduced to 45 articles Among the results of the review we can identify a tendency to evaluate three dimensions of intergroup contact: quality, which refers to the subjective evaluation that individuals make of their interactions with members of exogroups; quantity, which refers to the measurement of non-subjective elements of contact such as the number of interactions, the context where they take place or their duration; and finally the dimension of relationships, which, addresses the number of intergroup relationships that a person reports having. Another finding of the review is the emergence of studies of online contact, which is a novel topic because it addresses direct contact through online platforms (e.g., social networks or study platforms). It is worth mentioning that online contact seems to have similar effects to traditional contact, that is, both strategies are efficient ways to reduce prejudice and its derived effects. On the other hand, it is hypothesized that personality and intergroup contact may present a bidirectional relationship, in other words, personality influences contact and this in turn may influence or modify aspects of personality. Finally, the present work provides evidence that intergroup contact is a complex phenomenon in which not only external factors intervene, but also requires internal factors that influence its manifestation; this level of compression will allow psychology interveners to develop more effective contact-based strategies for positive relationships free from prejudice and its damaging effects on groups.
