Crecimiento postraumático en situaciones de vulneración de Derechos Humanos en víctimas de tortura. Una revisión sistemática

• Antonio L. Manzanero ^[1] ; Irene Gismero ^[1]
  1. [1] Universidad Complutense de Madrid

     Universidad Complutense de Madrid

     Madrid, España

     
• Localización: Clínica Contemporánea: revista de diagnóstico psicológico, psicoterapia y salud, ISSN-e 1989-9912, Vol. 16, Nº. 3, 2025
• Idioma: español
• Títulos paralelos:
  • Post-Traumatic Growth in Human Rights Violation Situations in torture victims. A Systematic Review
• Enlaces
  • Texto completo (pdf)
• Resumen
  • español

    Actualmente se considera que, tras experiencias traumáticas, pueden surgir cambios positivos conocidos como crecimiento postraumático (CPT). Esta revisión analiza estos cambios en víctimas de tortura, en el contexto de vulneraciones de Derechos Humanos. Sus objetivos son explorar la prevalencia del CPT en estas víctimas, identificar factores que influyen en su desarrollo y examinar la relación entre síntomas de Trastorno de Estrés Postraumático (TEPT) y manifestaciones de CPT. Se seleccionaron 21 artículos relevantes tras una búsqueda en Web of Science y Scopus. Los resultados muestran heterogeneidad en tres áreas clave: la prevalencia de CPT, reportada en niveles moderados y altos; la relación entre CPT y TEPT, caracterizada por su coexistencia; y las correlaciones del CPT con variables como género, edad, factores socioeconómicos, personalidad, religiosidad, estrategias cognitivas, calidad de vida, apoyo social, gravedad del evento y cultura. Los hallazgos coinciden con la literatura existente, aportando implicaciones para la evaluación e intervención psicológica en supervivientes de tortura y experiencias similares.

  • English

    It is currently recognized that positive changes, known as posttraumatic growth (PTG), may arise following traumatic experiences. This review examines such changes in torture victims within the context of human rights violations. Its objectives are to explore the prevalence of PTG in these victims, identify factors influencing its development, and examine the relationship between symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and manifestations of PTG. A total of 20 relevant articles were ed after conducting a search in Web of Science and Scopus. The findings reveal heterogeneity in three key areas: the prevalence of PTG, reported at moderate and high levels; the relationship between PTG and PTSD, characterized by their coexistence; and the correlations of PTG with variables such as gender, age, socioeconomic factors, personality traits, religiosity, cognitive strategies, quality of life, social support, event severity, and culture. These findings align with existing literature, offering implications for the assessment and psychological intervention of torture survivors and individuals with similar experiences.

• Referencias bibliográficas
  • Ai, A. L., Tice, T. N., Whitsett, D. D., Ishisaka, T. y Chim, M. (2007). Posttraumatic symptoms and growth of Kosovar war refugees: The influence...
  • Allen, N., Hevey, D., Cogley, C. y O’Keeffe, F. (2022). A meta-analysis of the association between event-related rumination and posttraumatic...
  • Amnesty International (22 June 2015). Torture around the world: what you need to know. https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2015/06/torture-around-the-world/...
  • Amnesty International (2023). Amnesty International Report 2022/23: The state of the world’s human rights. https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/pol10/5670/2023/en/...
  • Bogic, M., Njoku, A. y Priebe, S. (2015). Long-term mental health of war-refugees: a systematic literature review. BMC International Health...
  • Brewin, C. R. (2001). Memory processes in post-traumatic stress disorder. International Review of Psychiatry, 13(3), 159-163. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540260120074019...
  • Brunnet, A. E., dos Santos Lobo, N., Silveira, T., Kristensen, C. H. y Derivois, D. (2020). Migrations, trauma and mental health: A literature...
  • Calhoun, L. G., Cann, A. y Tedeschi, R. G. (2010). The posttraumatic growth model: Socio-cultural considerations. En T. Weiss y R. Berger...
  • Cann, A., Calhoun, L. G., Tedeschi, R. G., Taku, K., Vishnevsky, T., Triplett, K. N. y Danhauer, S. C. (2010). A short form of the Posttraumatic...
  • Cárdenas Castro, M., Arnoso Martínez, M. y Faúndez Abarca, X. (2019). Deliberate rumination and positive reappraisal as serial mediators between...
  • Cengiz, I., Ergün, D.,y Cakici, E. (2019). Posttraumatic stress disorder, posttraumatic growth and psychological resilience in Syrian refugees:...
  • Contreras Taibo, L., Navarrete, G., Pereda, N. y Pinto-Cortez, C. (2025). Transformación tras la adversidad: crecimiento postraumático en...
  • De Jong, J. T., Komproe, I. H. y Van Ommeren, M. (2003). Common mental disorders in postconflict settings. The Lancet, 361(9375), 2128-2130....
  • Dekel, S., Ein-Dor, T. y Solomon, Z. (2012). Posttraumatic growth and posttraumatic distress: A longitudinal study. Psychological Trauma:...
  • ECHR (1950, 4 de noviembre). Convenio Europeo para la Protección de Derechos Humanos y de las Libertades Fundamentales. https://www.echr.coe.int/documents/d/echr/convention_spa...
  • Feder, A., Southwick, S. M., Goetz, R. R., Wang, Y., Alonso, A., Smith, B. W., Buchholz, K. R., Waldeck, T., Ameli, R., Moore, J., Hain, R.,...
  • Guarch-Rubio, M., Achotegui, J. y Manzanero, A. L. (2025). Trauma, post-migration factors and Ulysses Syndrome in refugees and asylum seekers...
  • Guarch-Rubio, M., Byrne, S. y Manzanero, A. L. (2020). Violence and torture against migrants and refugees attempting to reach the European...
  • Guarch-Rubio, M., Manzanero, A. L. y Byrne, S. (2023). From victims to survivors: Resilience in the Sahrawi refugee camps. Revista de Victimología/Journal...
  • Handiso, D., Belsti, Y., Boyle, J. A., Paul, E., Shawyer, F. y Enticott, J. C. (2023). A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal...
  • Helgeson, V. S., Reynolds, K. A. y Tomich, P. L. (2006). A meta-analytic review of benefit finding and growth. Journal of Consulting and Clinical...
  • Henson, C., Truchot, D. y Canevello, A. (2021). What promotes post traumatic growth? A systematic review. European Journal of Trauma &...
  • Hussain, D. y Bhushan, B. (2011). Posttraumatic stress and growth among Tibetan refugees: The mediating role of cognitive-emotional regulation...
  • Janoff-Bulman, R. (1992). Shattered assumptions: Towards a new psychology of trauma. Free Press.
  • Johnson, H., Thompson, A. y Downs, M. (2009). Non-Western interpreters’ experiences of trauma: The protective role of culture following exposure...
  • Kahraman, H. y Kına, D. (2024). Psychological effects of collective political traumas and post-traumatic growth. Journal of Aggression, Conflict...
  • Kira, I. A., Aljakoub, J., Al Ibraheem, B. y Shuwiekh, H. A. (2022). Are torture survivors more resilient and develop higher PTG, than nontortured...
  • Kira, I. A., Templin, T., Lewandowski, L., Clifford, D., Wiencek, P., Hammad, A., ... y Al-haidar, A. M. (2006). The effects of torture: Two...
  • Kırseven, M. Y. y Işıklı, S. (2020). Investigation of the effects of violence experience during political demonstrations. Europe’s Journal...
  • Kroo, A. y Nagy, H. (2011). Posttraumatic growth among traumatized Somali refugees in Hungary. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 16(5), 440-458....
  • Linley, P. A. y Joseph, S. (2004). Positive change following trauma and adversity: A review. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 17(1), 11-21. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOTS.0000014671.27856.7e...
  • Liu, A. N., Wang, L. L., Li, H. P., Gong, J. y Liu, X. H. (2017). Correlation between posttraumatic growth and posttraumatic stress disorder...
  • Manzanero, A. L., Aroztegui, J., Fernández, J., Guarch-Rubio, M., Álvarez, M. A., El-Astal, S. y Hemaid, F. (2024). War, torture and trauma...
  • Manzanero, A. L., Crespo, M., Barón, S., Scott, M. T., El-Astal, S. y Hemaid, F. (2021). Traumatic events exposure and psychological trauma...
  • Manzanero, A. L., Fernández, J., Gómez-Gutiérrez, M. M., Álvarez, M. A., El-Astal, S., Hemaid, F. y Veronese, G. (2020). Between happiness...
  • Manzanero, A. L. y Morales-Valiente, C. (2024). Memory wars: A solution to the conflict. Papeles del Psicólogo/Psychologist Papers, 45(1),...
  • Morris, B. A., Shakespeare-Finch, J., Rieck, M. y Newbery, J. (2005). Multidimensional nature of posttraumatic growth in an Australian population....
  • OEA (1969, 22 de noviembre). Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos. https://www.oas.org/dil/ esp/1969_Convenci%C3%B3n_Americana_sobre_Derechos_Humanos.pdf
  • ONU (10 de diciembre de 1984). Convención contra la Tortura y Otros Tratos o Penas Crueles, Inhumanos o Degradantes. https://www.ohchr.org/es/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/...
  • ONU (1999, 9 de agosto). Manual de Investigación y Documentación Efectiva sobre Tortura, Castigos y Tratamientos Crueles, Inhumanos o Degradantes...
  • ONU (2024, 8 de mayo). Myanmar: La crisis de los rohingya. https://unric.org/es/ myanmar-la-crisis-de-los-rohingya/
  • ONU (2024, 1 de octubre). Ucrania: Agravamiento del impacto para los civiles del ataque de Rusia, tortura de prisioneros de guerra. https://www.ohchr.org/es/press-briefing-notes/2024/10/...
  • ONU (2024, 12 de noviembre). Gaza: Derechos Humanos advierte que los crímenes atroces que comete Israel incluirían el genocidio. https://news.un.org/es/story/2024/11/1534236...
  • Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan,...
  • Perestelo-Pérez, L. (2013). Standards on how to develop and report systematic reviews in Psychology and Health. International Journal of Clinical...
  • Powell, S., Rosner, R., Butollo, W., Tedeschi, R. G. y Calhoun, L. G. (2003). Posttraumatic growth after war: A study with former refugees...
  • Prati, G. y Pietrantoni, L. (2009). Optimism, social support, and coping strategies as factors contributing to posttraumatic growth: A meta-analysis....
  • Priebe, S., Gavrilovic, J. J., Bremner, S., Ajdukovic, D., Franciskovic, T., Galeazzi, G. M. y Schützwohl, M. (2013). Psychological symptoms...
  • Rizkalla, N. y Segal, S. P. (2018). Well-being and posttraumatic growth among Syrian refugees in Jordan. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 31(2),...
  • Salo, J. A., Qouta, S. y Punamäki, R. L. (2005). Adult attachment, posttraumatic growth and negative emotions among former political prisoners....
  • Salo, J., Punamäki, R. L. y Qouta, S. (2004). Associations between self and other representations and posttraumatic adjustment among political...
  • Shakespeare-Finch, J. y Lurie-Beck, J. (2014). A meta-analytic clarification of the relationship between posttraumatic growth and symptoms...
  • Simancas-Fernández, M. R., Celedón-Rivero, J. C., Salas-Picón, W. M., Salgado-Ruiz, D. E., Echeverry-Londoño, M. C., Vásquez-Campos, J. H.,...
  • Sledge, W. H., Boydstun, J. A. y Rabe, A. J. (1980). Self-concept changes related to war captivity. Archives of General Psychiatry, 37, 430–443....
  • Solomon, Z. y Dekel, R. (2007). Posttraumatic stress disorder and posttraumatic growth among Israeli expows. Journal of Traumatic Stress,...
  • Stasielowicz, L. (2022). Adaptive performance in refugees after trauma: how relevant are post-traumatic stress and post-traumatic growth?....
  • Steel, Z., Chey, T., Silove, D., Marnane, C., Bryant, R. A. y Van Ommeren, M. (2009). Association of torture and other potentially traumatic...
  • Sultani, G., Heinsch, M., Wilson, J., Pallas, P., Tickner, C. y Kay-Lambkin, F. (2024). ‘Now I have dreams in place of the nightmares’: An...
  • Taku, K., Tedeschi, R. G., Shakespeare-Finch, J., Krosch, D., David, G., Kehl, D., Grunwald, S., Romeo, A., Di, M., Kamibeppu, K., Soejima,...
  • Taylor, S., Charura, D., Williams, G., Shaw, M., Allan, J., Cohen, E., ... y O’Dwyer, L. (2020). Loss, grief, and growth: An interpretative...
  • Tedeschi, R. G. y Calhoun, L. G. (1996). The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory: Measuring the positive legacy of trauma. Journal of Traumatic...
  • Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (2004). Posttraumatic growth: conceptual foundations and empirical evidence. Psychological Inquiry,...
  • Tedeschi, R. G., Calhoun, L. G. y Groleau, J. M. (2015). Clinical applications of posttraumatic growth. In S. Joseph (Ed.), Positive psychology...
  • Tedeschi, R. G., Cann, A., Taku, K., Senol-Durak, E. y Calhoun, L. G. (2017). The posttraumatic growth inventory: A revision integrating...
  • Tedeschi, R. G. y McNally, R. J. (2011). Can we facilitate posttraumatic growth in combat veterans? American Psychologist, 66(1), 19-24. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021896...
  • Tedeschi, R. G. y Moore, B. A. (2021). Posttraumatic growth as an integrative therapeutic philosophy. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration,...
  • Tedeschi, R. G., Shakespeare-Finch, J., Taku, K. y Calhoun, L. G. (2018). Posttraumatic growth: Theory, research, and applications. Routledge....
  • Teodorescu, D. S., Siqveland, J., Heir, T., Hauff, E., Wentzel-Larsen, T. y Lien, L. (2012). Posttraumatic growth, depressive symptoms, posttraumatic...
  • Von Arcosy, C., Padilha, M., Mello, G. L., Vilete, L., Luz, M. P., Mendlowicz, M., Serpa O. D. Jr., y Berger, W. (2023). A bright side of...
  • Wu, X., Kaminga, A. C., Dai, W., Deng, J., Wang, Z., Pan, X. y Liu, A. (2019). The prevalence of moderate-to-high posttraumatic growth: A...
  • Zoellner, T. y Maercker, A. (2006). Posttraumatic growth...