The Measurement of the Diversity in Learning to Enhance Educational Inclusion and Achievement: Validation of a Scale in Higher Education

• Miguel A. Gandarillas ^[1] ; María N. Elvira-Zorzo ^[2] ; Iria Osa-Subtil ^[3] ; Montserrat Rodríguez-Vera ^[4] ; Fernando Chacón-Fuertes ^[1]
  1. [1] Universidad Complutense de Madrid

     Universidad Complutense de Madrid

     Madrid, España

     
  2. [2] Universidad de Salamanca

     Universidad de Salamanca

     Salamanca, España

     
  3. [3] Universidad Europea de Madrid

     Universidad Europea de Madrid

     Madrid, España

     
  4. [4] Universidad San Sebastián

     Universidad San Sebastián

     Comuna de Concepción, Chile

     

  Mostrar afiliaciones +
• Localización: Psicología educativa, ISSN 1135-755X, Vol. 31, Nº. 2, 2025, págs. 111-120
• Idioma: inglés
• DOI: 10.5093/psed2025a14
• Títulos paralelos:
  • La medición de la diversidad en el aprendizaje para mejorar la inclusión y el desempeño educativo: la validación de una escala en la Educación Superior
• Enlaces
  • Texto completo (pdf)
• Resumen
  • español

    Existe un creciente interés entre investigadores y educadores sobre la diversidad en los patrones de aprendizaje (DenA) en el aula. Sin embargo, falta un marco integral que también considere los factores psicosociales cruciales para la inclusión y la igualdad. Este estudio tiene como objetivo desarrollar y validar un constructo integrador de DenA para abordar esta necesidad. Se construyó una escala para medir las cinco dimensiones que comprenden el constructo: Afrontamiento de Dificultades, Esfuerzo, Autonomía, Comprensión/Interés Profesional, y Contexto Social/Físico. Para validar la escala, se realizó un estudio con una muestra de 1,644 estudiantes de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, analizando la estructura factorial de DenA, la consistencia interna y la validez. Los resultados mostraron una validez interna y externa robusta, con buenos valores para la varianza configuracional, métrica, escalar, e invariancia. Se encontraron relaciones significativas entre los factores de DenA, el rendimiento académico y el sexo. En conclusión, este estudio ofrece una escala óptima para evaluar DenA en el aula para una educación personalizada que favorezca la inclusión psicosocial y la igualdad.

  • English

    There is an increasing focus among researchers and educators on diversity in learning patterns (DinL) in the classroom. However, there is a lack of comprehensive frameworks, considering psychosocial factors crucial for inclusion and equality. This study aims to develop and validate an integrative construct of DinL to address this gap. A scale was built measuring the five dimensions of the construct: Coping with Difficulties, Effort, Autonomy, Understanding/Career Interest, and Social/Physical Context. To validate the scale, a study was carried out with a sample of 1,644 students from Complutense University of Madrid, analysing the DinL factorial structure, internal consistency, and validity. Results showed robust internal and external validity, with good values for configural, metric, invariance, and scalar variance. Significant relationships were found between DinL factors, academic performance, and sex. In conclusion, this study offers an optimal scale to assess DinL in the classroom for personalized education, psychosocial inclusion, and equality.

• Referencias bibliográficas
  • Abad, F. J., Olea, J., Ponsoda, V., & García, C. (2011). Medición en Ciencias Sociales y de la Salud. Síntesis.
  • Acevedo, P., Madrid, V., Chiang, M., Montecinos, H., & Reinicke, K. (2009). Perfil de estilos de aprendizaje en estudiantes de primer...
  • Al Mulhim, E. N. (2021). Flipped learning, self-regulated learning and learning retention of students with internal/external locus of control....
  • Aliberti, S. M., Cavallo, P., Capunzo, M., Brongo, S., Giraldi, L., Santoro, E., & Boccia, G. (2019). Relationship between health, lifestyle,...
  • Allgood, W., Risko, V., Álvarez, M., & Fairbanks, M. (2000). Factors that influence study. In R. F. Flippo & D. C. Caverly (Coords.),...
  • Alonso, C. M., Gallego, D. J., & Honey, P. (2007). Los estilos de aprendizaje: procedimientos de diagnóstico y mejora. Ediciones Mensajero.
  • Alonso-Martín, P., Cruz-Díaz, R., Granado-Alcón, C., Lago-Urbano, R., & Martínez-García, C. (2021). Variability of higher education students’...
  • Álvarez, M., & Fernández, R. (2005). Cuestionario de hábitos y técnicas de estudio. CHTE. Ediciones TEA, S.A.
  • Alves, A. J., Alves, R. M., & Pineda, O. J. (2007). Evaluación de los estados emocionales de estudiantes de enfermería. Index de Enfermería,...
  • Arcay, N. M., Calope, R. M. L., & Libot, B. D. (2019). Parenting styles in relation to self-esteem and school performance of senior high...
  • Asante, K.O., & Andoh-Arthur, J. (2015). Prevalence and determinants of depressive symptoms among university students in Ghana. Journal...
  • Batool, S. S. (2020). Academic achievement: Interplay of positive parenting, self-esteem, and academic procrastination. Australian Journal...
  • Beltrán, J. A., Pérez, L. F., & Ortega, M. I. (2006). CEA. Cuestionario de Estrategias de Aprendizaje. TEA.
  • Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107(2), 238-246. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-...
  • Bernard, D. L., Stone-Sabali, S., Volpe, V. V., Matthews, I. J., & Smith, L. V. (2024). Campus racial climate and impostor phenomenon...
  • Bilbao, N., López de la Serna, A., Tejada, E., & Romero, A. (2021). Analysis of learning styles (Kolb) in students of the degrees in Early...
  • Brenneisen Mayer, F., Souza Santos, I., Silveira, P. S. P., Itaqui Lopes, M. H., de Souza, A. R. N. D., Campos, E. P., de Abreu, B. A. L.,...
  • Bully, P., Jaureguizar, J., Bernaras, E., & Redondo, I. (2019). Relationship between parental socialization, emotional symptoms, and academic...
  • Casad, B. J., Hale, P., & Wachs, F. L. (2017). Stereotype threat among girls: Differences by gender identity and math education context....
  • Chen, F. F. (2007). Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 14(3), 464- 504....
  • Cheng, S. H., Lee, C. T., Chi, M. H., Sun, Z. J., Chen, P. S., Chang, Y. F., & Yang, Y. C. (2016). Factors related to self-reported attention...
  • Conley, C. S., Huguenel, B. M., Shapiro, J. B., & Kirsch, A. C. (2023). Developmental trajectories and predictors of psychological wellbeing...
  • Del Valle, M., Zamora, E. V., Khalil, Y., & Altamirano, M. (2020). Rasgos de personalidad y dificultades de regulación emocional en estudiantes...
  • Dimitrov, D. M. (2010). Testing for factorial invariance in the context of construct validation. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling...
  • DiStefano, C., & Morgan, G. B. (2014). A comparison of diagonal weighted least squares robust estimation techniques for ordinal data....
  • Dotzel, S., Bonefeld, M., & Karst, K. (2022). Students’ attitudes towards performance heterogeneity and their relation to contextual factors....
  • Dumitrescu, R., & De Caluwé, E. (2024). Individual differences in the impostor phenomenon and its relevance in higher education in terms...
  • Dunn, R., Griggs, S. A., Olson, J., Beasley, M., & Gorman, B. S. (1995). A meta-analytic validation of the Dunn and Dunn model of learningstyle...
  • Ebel, R. L. (1965). Confidence weighting and test reliability. Journal of Educational Measurement, 2(1), 49-57. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1745-3984.1965.tb00390.x
  • Escanero-Marcén, J. F., Soria, M. S., & Guerra-Sánchez, M. (2018). Estilos de aprendizaje y rendimiento académico: diferentes herramientas,...
  • Fan, X., & Sivo, S. A. (2007). Sensitivity of fit indices to model misspecification and model types. Multivariate Behavioral Research,...
  • Felder, R. M., & Brent, R. (2005). Understanding student differences. Journal of Engineering Education, 94(1), 57-72. https://doi. org/10.1002/j.2168-9830.2005.tb00829.x
  • Fernández-Díez, J., Cencerrado-de-Aller, R., Rodríguez-Fernández, J., Hierro-Berceo, A., Sánchez-Fernández, E., & Pérez-Sáenz, J. (2017)....
  • Forero, C. G., Maydeu-Olivares, A., & Gallardo-Pujol, D. (2009). Factor analysis with ordinal indicators: A Monte Carlo study comparing...
  • Fortin, N. M., Oreopoulos, P., & Phipps, S. (2015). Leaving boys behind: Gender disparities in high academic achievement. The Journal...
  • Fuentes, M. A., Zelaya, D. G., & Madsen, J. W. (2021). Rethinking the course syllabus: Considerations for promoting equality, diversity,...
  • Han, T., Huang, L., & Hao, L. (2024). Changing trajectories and formation mechanism of deep learning approach: A longitudinal study of...
  • Hengesteg, P. S., Bestler, L., & Marcketti, S. B. (2021). “18 is not a magic number”: Faculty reflections on student development theories...
  • Heritage, B., Ladeira, C., & Steele, A.R. (2023). The development and pilot of the university student embeddedness (USE) scale for student...
  • Herrera, L., Al-Lal, M., & Mohamed, L. (2020). Academic achievement, selfconcept, personality, and emotional intelligence in primary education....
  • Herrera, N., & Rodríguez, J. (2011). Estilos de aprendizaje de los estudiantes de la Corporación Universitaria Adventista de Colombia...
  • Hofhuis, J., Jongerling, J., & Jansz, J. (2023). Who benefits from the international classroom? A longitudinal examination of multicultural...
  • Ibrahim, A. K., Kelly, S. J., Adams, C. E., & Glazebrook, C. (2013). A systematic review of studies of depression prevalence in university...
  • Ismail, M. I. H., & Aziz, A. B. A. (2019). TS25 schoolteachers’ perceptions of differentiated learning in diverse ESL classrooms. Journal...
  • January, J., Madhombiro, M., Chipamaunga, S., Ray, S., Chingono, A., & Abas, M. (2018). Prevalence of depression and anxiety among undergraduate...
  • Jiménez, L., Garcia, A. J., López-Cepero, J., & Saavedra, F. J. (2018). The briefACRA scale on learning strategies for university students....
  • Khalil Y., del Valle M. V., Zamora E. V., & Urquijo S. (2020). Dificultades de regulación emocional y bienestar psicológico en estudiantes...
  • Kim, Y. Mok, S. Y., & Seidel, T. (2020). Parental influences on immigrant students´ achievement-related motivation and achievement: A...
  • Kolb, A., & Kolb, D. (2005). Learning styles and learning spaces. Enhancing experiential learning in higher education. Academy of Management...
  • Kyriazos, T. A. (2018). Applied psychometrics: Sample size and sample power considerations in factor analysis (EFA, CFA) and SEM in general....
  • Lamis, D. A., Ballard, E. D., May, A. M., & Dvorak, R. D. (2016). Depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation in College students: The mediating...
  • Lardy, L., Bressoux, P. P., & De Clercq, M. (2022). Achievement of firstyear students at the university: A multilevel analysis of the...
  • Leite, W. L., Svinicki, M., & Shi, Y. (2010). Attempted validation of the scores of the VARK: Learning Styles Inventory with multitraitmultimethod...
  • Lew, B., Huen, J., Yu, P., Yuan, L., Wang, D. F., Ping, F., Talib, M. A., Lester, D., & Jia C.-X. (2019). Associations between depression,...
  • Lilia, R., Natalia, M., & Elena, G. (2021). Enforcing L2 learner autonomy in higher education: The top 50 cited articles. Journal of Language...
  • Lu, K., Qiao, X., Yun, Q., & Hao, N. (2021). Educational diversity and group creativity: Evidence from fNIRS hyperscanning. NeuroImage,...
  • MacCann, C., Jiang, Y., Brown, L. E., Double, K. S., Bucich, M., & Minbashian, A. (2020). Emotional intelligence predicts academic performance:...
  • Manion, K., Shah-Preusser, N., Dyck, T., Thackeray, S., & Palahicky, S. (2020). Learning in teams: Collaboratively guiding the journey....
  • Mardia, K.V. (1970). Measures of multivariate skewness and kurtosis with applications. Biometrika, 57(3), 519-530. https://doi. org/10.2307/2334770
  • Martos, T., Jagodics, B., K rössy, J., & Szabó, É. (2023). Psychological resources, dropout risk and academic performance in university...
  • Masud, S., Mufarrih, S. H., Qureshi, N. Q., Khan, F., Khan, S., & Khan, M. N. (2019). Academic performance in adolescent students: The...
  • Matalinares, M. L., Díaz,G., Ornella, R., Deyvi, B., Uceda, J., & Yaringaño J. (2016). Afrontamiento del estrés y bienestar psicológico...
  • Maya, J., Luesia, J. F., & Pérez-Padilla, J. (2021). The relationship between learning styles and academic performance: Consistency among...
  • Medina, M., & Medina, E. (2012). Evaluación de estilos de aprendizaje en Trabajo Social. V Congreso Mundial de Estilos de Aprendizaje.
  • Mehenaoui, Z., Lafifi, Y., & Zemmouri, L. (2022). Learning behavior analysis to identify learner’s learning style based on machine learning...
  • Melo, H. E. D., Severian, P. F. G., Eid, L. P., Souza, M. R. D., Sequeira, C. A. D. C., Souza, M. D. G. G., & Pompeo, D. A. (2021). Impact...
  • Merino-Soto, C., Chávez-Ventura, G., López-Fernández, V., Chans, G. M., & Toledano-Toledano, F. (2022). Learning Self-Regulation Questionnaire...
  • Mirza, A. A., Baig, M., Beyari, G. M., Halawani, M. A., & Mirza, A. A. (2021). Depression and anxiety among medical students: A brief...
  • Mondragón, C.M., Cardoso, D., & Bobadilla, S. (2017). Hábitos de estudio y rendimiento académico. Caso estudiantes de la licenciatura...
  • Morales, F. M., & Pérez, J. M. (2019). The role of anxiety, coping strategies, and emotional intelligence on general perceived self-efficacy...
  • Moral-García, J. E., Urchaga-Litago, J. D., Ramos-Morcillo, A. J., & Maneiro, R. (2020). Relationship of parental support on healthy habits,...
  • Muñoz, L. A. (2022). Autoeficacia académica y competencias genéricas en estudiantes de Educación de una universidad nacional de Lima. Revista...
  • Muñoz-Mederos, J., Acosta-Gonzaga, E., Ruiz-Ledesma, E. F., & RamírezArellano, A. (2021). Do learning styles enhance the academic performance...
  • Naser, M. J., Hasan, N. E., Zainaldeen, M. H., Zaidi, A., Mohamed, Y. M. A. M. H., & Fredericks, S. (2022). Impostor phenomenon and its...
  • Njega, M.W., Njoka, J.N., & Ndung’u, C.W. (2019). Relationship between psychosocial dynamics and academic performance of secondary school...
  • Park, S., Wang, J., & Choi, B. (2021). Measuring affective and cognitive empathy among Korean and Chinese adolescents: Translating and...
  • Pashler, H., McDaniel, M., Rohrer, D., & Bjork, R. (2008). Learning styles: Concepts and evidence. Psychological Science in the Public...
  • Pérez, M. V., Díaz-Mujica, A., González-Pienda, J. A., & Núñez, J. C. (2011). Autorregulación del aprendizaje en educación superior. In...
  • Pintrich, P. R. (2004). A conceptual framework for assessing motivation and self-regulated learning in college students. Educational Psychology...
  • Pozar, F. (2002). Manual Inventario de Hábitos de Estudio. Tea Ediciones S.A.
  • Pozas, M., Letzel, V., & Schneider, C. (2020). Teachers and differentiated instruction: exploring differentiation practices to address...
  • Pozos, B. E., Preciado, M. L., Plascencia, A. R., Acosta, M., & Aguilera, V. A. (2015). Estrés académico y síntomas, físicos, psicológicos...
  • Razzaque, A., AlArayedh, H. M., & Moylan, C. (2021). Culture and learning style’s sensitive learning outcomes aid multicultural classrooms....
  • Rodríguez-Hernández, C., Cascallar, E., & Kyndt, E. (2020). Socioeconomic status and academic performance in higher education: A systematic...
  • Rodríguez-Hidalgo, A. J., Pincay, A. A., Payán, A. M., Herrera-López, M., & Ortega-Ruiz, R. (2021). Los predictores psicosociales del...
  • Rojo-Ramos, J., Manzano-Redondo, F., Barrios-Fernandez, S., GarciaGordillo, M. A., & Adsuar, J. C. (2021). A descriptive study of specialist...
  • Said, B., Díaz, V., & Espíndola, M. (2010). Estilos de aprendizaje de estudiantes que cursan la primera asignatura de la carrera de Medicina...
  • Samaniego, P. A., & Buenahora, B. A. (2016). Variables relacionadas con ansiedad social en adolescentes: un modelo de regresión lineal...
  • Sanagavarapu, P., Abraham, J., & Taylor, E. (2019). Development and validation of a scale to measure first year students’ transitional...
  • Santander, J., Berner, J. E., Contreras, A. M., & Gómez, T. (2013). Prevalencia de déficit atencional en estudiantes de medicina de la...
  • Schubert, T., & Tavassoli, S. (2020). Product innovation and educational diversity in top and middle management teams. Academy of Management...
  • Shaeffer, S. (2019). Inclusive education: A prerequisite for equity and social justice. Asia Pacific Education Review, 20(2), 181-192. https://doi....
  • Shum, A., Fryer, L. K., Cano, F., Berbén, A. B. G., & Pichardo-Martínez, M. C. (2022). Nature vs nurture: Learning conceptions and environment...
  • Silva-Laya, M., D’Angelo, N., García, E., Zúñigab, L., & Fernández, L. (2020). Urban poverty and education. A systematic literature review....
  • Solari, M., Vizquerra, M. I., & Engel, A. (2022). Students’ interests for personalized learning: An analysis guide. European Journal of...
  • Song, Y., & Vermunt, J. D. (2021). A comparative study of learning patterns of secondary school, high school and college students. Studies...
  • Soria-Duarte, O. (2019) Contexto familiar y los factores intervinientes en el rendimiento académico del sujeto educativo. Aproximación diagnóstica....
  • Spinath, B., Eckert, C., & Steinmayr, R. (2014). Gender differences in school success: What are the role of students’ intelligence, personality...
  • Steiger, J. H. (1990) Structural model evaluation and modification: An interval estimation approach. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 25(2),...
  • Steinmayr, R., & Kessels, U. (2017). Good at school = successful on the job? Explaining gender differences in scholastic and vocational...
  • Taber, K. S. (2018). The use of Cronbach’s alpha when developing and reporting research instruments in science education. Research in Science...
  • Tan, G. X., Soh, X. C., Hartanto, A., Goh, A. Y., & Majeed, N. M. (2023). Prevalence of anxiety in college and university students: An...
  • Tholen, R., Wouters, E., Ponnet, K., de Bruyn, S., & Van Hal, G. (2022). Academic stress, anxiety, and depression among Flemish first-year...
  • Tian-Ci Quek, T., Wai-San Tam, W., X. Tran, B., Zhang, M., Zhang, Z., Su-Hui Ho, C., & Chun-Man Ho, R. (2019). The global prevalence of...
  • Tinajero, C., Martínez-López, Z., Rodriguez, M., & Páramo, M. (2020). Perceived social support as a predictor of academic success in Spain...
  • Trigueros, R., Padilla, A. M., Aguilar-Parra, J. M., Rocamora, P., MoralesGázquez, M. J., & López-Liria, R. (2020). The influence of emotional...
  • Trunce, S. T., Villarroel, G. D. P., Arntz, J. A., Muñoz, S. I., & Werner, K. M. (2020). Niveles de depresión, ansiedad, estrés y su relación...
  • Tucker, L. R., & Lewis, C. (1973). A reliability coefficient for maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometrika, 38(1), 1-10. https://doi....
  • Van Hek, M., Kraaykamp, G., & Pelzer, B. (2018). Do schools affect girls’ and boys’ reading performance differently? A multilevel study...
  • Viladrich, C., Angulo-Brunet, A., & Doval, E. (2017). A journey around alpha and omega to estimate internal consistency reliability. Anales...
  • Wang, F., Liu, Y., & Leung, S. O. (2022). Disciplinary climate, opportunity to learn, and mathematics achievement: An analysis using doubly...
  • Weinstein, C. E., Palmer, D. R., & Schultz, A. C. (2002). LASSI. User’s manual for those administering Learning and Study Strategies Inventory.
  • West, S. G., Finch, J. F., & Curran, P. J. (1995). Structural equation models with non-normal variables: Problems and remedies. In R....
  • World Medical Association. (2013). World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical principles for medical research involving human...
  • Ya, R., Yang, J., & Su, L. (2024). Social support, self-esteem, and employment anxiety among college students majoring in music: A cross-sectional...
  • Yang, H., & Kang, S. J. (2020). Exploring the Korean adolescent empathy using the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI). Asia Pacific Education...
  • Zambrano, J., Arango, L., & Lezcano, M. (2018). Estilos de aprendizaje, estrategias de aprendizaje y su relación con el uso de las TIC...
  • Zandvliet, D. B., Stanton, A., & Dhaliwal, R. (2019). Design and validation of a tool to measure associations between the learning environment...